Volume 43 (1) 2025
Response of Papilio clytia & Euploea core to Environmental Variables: A Preliminary Study
Hirumoni Hazarika, Sabyasachi Dasgupta
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 1—7, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YRPQ5710
How to cite this paper:
Hazarika, H., & Dasgupta, S. (2025). Response of Papilio clytia & Euploea core to Environmental Variables: A Preliminary Study. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YRPQ5710
Butterflies are susceptible to inordinately warm environments which influence their developmental stages. Moderate temperature increases egg production, survival of eggs, and larval length along with many morphological changes in adult butterflies. However, global temperature increase has negative consequences on overall larval growth. Increased temperature is one of the reasons for the vulnerability of larvae to different diseases and several infections. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of environmental variables like temperature, humidity & precipitation on the developmental stages of larvae Papilio clytia & Euploea core in varying environmental variables. Results have suggested that Papilio clytia & Euploea core developed faster in warm temperature. Gradual warming, humidity, and precipitation affect the number of developmental days during the pre-adult growth period. These extreme variations disrupt normal metabolic activities and species may be unable to endure harsh environments. More research on the effects of environmental variables is needed to provide insight into the butterflies’ response to global climate change for better population management in Tripura.
Environmental variables, Temperature, Humidity, Precipitation, Larval growth.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 
Pramod Rai, Augustine Guria, Md. I.A. Ansari, Chhaya, Suman Tigga
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 8—15, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/PYBH3676
How to cite this paper:
Rai, P., Guria, A., Ansari, Md. I. A., Chhaya, & Tigga, S. (2025). Variation of Environmental Parameters during Drying of Tomato under Low Cost Multipurpose Greenhouse (MGH). Environment and Ecology, 43(1) 8–15. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/PYBH3676
The natural ventilated greenhouse is used for cultivation and or nursery growing but multipurpose greenhouse (MGH) can used even for solar drying and or soil solarization during summer season (March–June). This study was conducted to study the variation of environmental parameters (temperature, relative humidity (RH) and air velocity) during drying of tomato under open field and low cost multipurpose greenhouse (MGH). During the drying of tomato (without blanched (WB) and blanched (B)), the temperature, RH and air velocity in open field varied between 28.67°C to 32.67°C, 42.33% to 52% and 1.2 m/s to 4.93 m/s respectively, whereas the temperature, RH and air velocity under MGH varied between 34.67°C to 39.5°C, 31.33% to 45.67% and 0.3 m/s to 1.1 m/s respectively. The drying time of tomato under open field condition was 29 h and 20 h respectively for WB and B, whereas under MGH condition it was 28.5 h and 19.5 h respectively for WB and B tomato.
Drying, Tomato, Temperature, Relative humidity, Open field, Greenhouse.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Nupur, Ashok Kumar
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 16—23, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GUSZ8343
How to cite this paper:
Nupur, & Kumar, A. (2025). In-vitro Evaluation on the Germination Potential and Seedling Growth of Vigna radiata (L.) under Heavy Metal Stress. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GUSZ8343
Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), both are essentially required to maintain cellular functions in all living beings but whenever their concentrations cross a certain threshold, they become toxic and behave as ‘Heavy metals’. Their excess levels in soil diminish agricultural productivity, prompting humanity to investigate new plant species with enhanced tolerance levels for cultivation on metal-contaminated soil, with the aim of reclamation and mitigation. In present study, in-vitro trials were conducted to analyze the tolerance level of mungbean seedlings against Cu and Zn in March 2023. Metal concentrations were selected on the basis of target limits (50 ppm for Zn, 36 ppm for Cu) in soil as approved by the World Health Organization (1996), which were further enhanced two fold to induce stress conditions as 50, 100 and 200 ppm for zinc and 36, 72 and 144 ppm for copper. Surface sterilized viable seeds were allowed to germinate in selected concentrations with a control set up in triplets. Final observations were recorded on the 15th day of germination. Experimental findings revealed that Zn exerted a greater impact on early seedling development than on seed germination. Greatest inhibition in germination was observed in copper-treated seed at highest concentration (144 ppm). Seedling length and biomass (fresh and dry) were stimulated at lowest concentrations (50 ppm) of zinc, but for copper, positive impacts were observed up to 72 ppm. A concentration-dependent progressive decrease was observed in biomass (fresh/dry) in Zn treatment. As a result of the investigation, the toxicity order for test metals can be concluded as Zn > Cu. Findings suggest long-term cultivation of test variety in natural field setting to explore its potential against heavy metal stress.
Germination, Heavy metal tolerance, Seedling development, Vigna radiata.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
S. K. Majhi, Dipesh Debnath, Niti Sharma, S. K. Nag, Soma Das Sarkar, Rakesh Kumar, Amulya Kakati, B. K. Das
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 24—28, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SRBU8378
How to cite this paper:
Majhi, S. K., Debnath, D., Sharma, N., Nag, S. K., Sarkar, S. D., Kumar, R., Kakati, A., & Das, B. K. (2025). Formaldehyde Contamination in Fish Samples Collected from Selected Wholesale Markets of Guwahati, Assam. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 24–28. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SRBU8378
Use of adulterants at various stages of transportation from farm to consumers is a common practice to prolong storage life of fresh or chilled fish. In Assam, use of formalin (formaldehyde in water) has been suspected in imported fish to prolong its shelf life and prevent spoilage. In order to test this practice, ICAR-CIFRI conducted a case study in three wholesale fish markets of Guwahati for detection of formaldehyde during November 2023 and May 2024. One out of six muscle samples that were collected from local fish was found to have traces of formaldehyde but below the method detection level (BDL). So, this can be considered as safe for human health and considered as naturally produced during post-mortem degradation. On the contrary, fishes imported from Andhra Pradesh or West Bengal did not have any traces of formaldehyde, which might be due to quick harvest and icing practice before transportation. This implies that if fishes are kept under iced condition immediately after harvesting, formaldehyde will not be naturally produced in fish. Monitoring of fish samples coming to Assam from other states needs to be carried out on regular interval to build confidence among the consumers. It is necessary to build infrastructure/ laboratory with state-of-the-art facilities for detection of contaminants including pathogens that poses risk to the human health.
Formalin adulteration, Human health concern, Fish muscle, High performance liquid chromatography, Northeast India.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sonu Kumari, Balbir Singh, Vikas Chauhan, Rakesh Kumar
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 29—33, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UXQC4585
How to cite this paper:
Kumari, S., Singh, B., Chauhan, V., & Kumar, R. (2025). Field Efficacy of Different Botanical Protectants against Spotted Pod Borer, M. vitrata (Geyer) on Green Gram, Vigna radiata. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 29–33. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UXQC4585
The current study was aimed to study the bio efficacy of botanical protectants against spotted pod borer, M. vitrata in green gram. The field experiments were carried out at CCSHAU, Regional Research station, Bawal, during kharif 2020 and 2021. Considering the significance of eco-friendly pest management, the objective of this study was to test some botanical protectants against spotted pod borer, M. vitrata in green gram. The experimental results revealed that the treatment azadirachtin (0.03%) was found most effective protectants resulted in lowest per cent pod damage (12.94%) followed by neem oil @ 20 ml/l (14.07%) and neem seed kernel extract @ 50 ml/l (14.11%). The least effective treatment against pod damage was eucalyptus leaf extract (18.59%) after control followed by chilli solution (17.68%) and onion extract (17.53%) which were at par with each other. From these findings, it was concluded that among the botanical protectants azadirachtin, neem oil and neem seed kernel extract was the most effective may be incorporated in the pest management strategies against the spotted pod borer of green gram.
Green gram, Spotted pod borer, Botanical protectants, Bioefficacy, Azadirachtin.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
A. Midhul Rana, G. Sathiyanarayanan
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 34—39, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MQRN7141
How to cite this paper:
Rana, A. M., & Sathiyanarayanan, G. (2025). Standardization of Various Biological Seed Priming on Seed Quality Parameters in Black Gram (Vigna mungo). Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 34–39. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MQRN7141
Urdbean, also known as black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) 2n=22, is the most popular species. The protein content of Fabaceae is three times higher than that of cereals, and it contains about 26%. The vegetarian population requires a substantial amount of protein from black gram. Application of trading chemicals for seed enhancement is highly effective and farmers cannot afford it. In the latest years, chemical fertilizers and other inorganic inputs are used more to enhance the production of the crops. The current study aimed to study the standardization of various biopriming on crop growth in black gram. A laboratory experiment was conducted with three replications by using Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) using various concentrations (2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) as first factor and different durations (4 and 6 h) of priming as second factor and different organics such as Panchagavya, cow urine, goat urine, vermiwash, curry leaf extract and azospirillum as third factor. Seeds were primed with different organics in various concentrations and in different duration evaluated for its quality parameters to find out deserved seed priming technique. Among all treatments seed priming with Panchagavya 5% for 6 hours recorded higher germination (96%), longest seedling length (root length (20.14 cm), shoot length (18.87 cm), higher seedling dry matter (1.23 g seedlings-10), fresh weight (9.24 g seedlings-10) and vigor index (3732) than control under laboratory experiment. The results indicate that use of Panchagavya 5% for 6 hours enhances the seed performance regarding seed quality characters.
Biological priming, Panchagavya, Seed quality, Vermiwash, Cow urine.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Assessment of Carbon Stock Dynamics in the Kuinima Classified Forest in Western Burkina Faso
Boalidioa TANKOANO, Dramane OUEDRAOGO, Zézouma SANON, Jérôme T. YAMEOGO, Mipro HIEN
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 40—48, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FUTK7026
How to cite this paper:
TANKOANO, B., OUEDRAOGO, D., SANON, Z., YAMEOGO, J. T., & HIEN, M. (2025). Assessment of Carbon Stock Dynamics in the Kuinima Classified Forest in Western Burkina Faso. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 40–48. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FUTK7026
In the context of the fight against climate change, information on carbon stock estimates and the state of evolution of these stocks is more than vital for better management of the REDD+policy in protected areas. The main objective of this study was to assess the dynamics of carbon stocks in the Kuinima Classified Forest using cartographic data combined with dendrometric data. The cartographic database of the Kuinima Classified Forest in 1990 and 2018 was used to generate statistics for the land-use classes of interest. To collect dendrometric data, a forest inventory was carried out using the Global Forest Observation Initiative method. The results of the carbon stock calculations showed that the forest plantation class had the highest carbon stock per hectare, at 399.59 tC/ha, compared with 4.04 tC/ha for the shrub savannah class. Analysis of carbon stock dynamics showed that agroforestry parks absorbed the most carbon between 1990 and 2018, at 20822.36 tC, while the open shrub savannah class emitted more carbon over the same period, at 11355.42 tC. An in-depth analysis of the whole of the Classified Forest shows that there have been carbon emissions of around 1,685.31 tC in 28 years. The authorization given to local people for agricultural activities and the lack of appropriate supervision by forestry officers are thought to be the cause of the degradation of this Classified Forest. It is clear that, in the absence of a good policy for restoring and rehabilitating this forest, we could see its total anthropization in the short term.
Carbon stock, Woody biomass, Methods and guidance, Allometric equations, Burkina faso.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Performance Evaluation of Solar Dryers for Drying of Red Chilli (Capsicum annuum)
Sudha V. Mankani, Vinayaka H. Niranjan, N. H. Bhandi, Hemavati R. Hiregoudar
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 49—56, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/CJQP8383
How to cite this paper:
Mankani, S. V., Niranjan, V. H., Bhandi, N. H., & Hiregoudar, H. R. (2025). Performance Evaluation of Solar Dryers for Drying of Red Chilli (Capsicum annuum). Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/CJQP8383
Red chilli, one of the most essential spices in the Indian house hold is a critical crop for the farmers. Drying of red chilli is an important unit operation done before marketing. The variation in the market price of dried chilli depends majorly on its external color appearance. Open field drying on the earthen ground, which is a common rural practice, tends to decolor the chilli besides rendering an erratic variations in moisture removal. Hence, in present study, two commercial solar dryers namely, Box type hybrid energy solar dryer (T1), Convective solar dryer (T2) were evaluated and drying process was compared with conventional methods such as Drying on Tarpaulin Sheet (T3) and Drying on the Earthen Ground (T4). Drying experiments were conducted during December 2022 and January 2023 with freshly harvested red chilli fruits (var Byadagi dabbi). The results have shown that, an average temperature of 43.60 and 38.30 oC were achieved in T1 and T2 respectively while the average ambient temperature recorded was 25.10 oC. It took 4 days for complete drying of chilli samples in T1 whereas T2, T3 and T4 required 6, 10 and 12 days, respectively. Moisture content of dried chilli samples (wb) and moisture removal rate (MRR) for T1 were 0.90 % and 2.73 kg/day, respectively. In case of T2, it was 1.40 % and 1.63 kg/day, respectively. It was 1.80 % and 0.92 kg/day, respectively for T3. In case of T4, it was 2.30 % and 0.79 kg/day, respectively. Regression analysis for all the treatments revealed that insolation and moisture content were negatively related whereas insolation and Cumulative MRR were positively related. T1 has shown the best performance with predicted R2 value of 0.9740.
Red chilli, Byadagi dabbi, Drying, mois-ture removal rate, Regression
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Biopesticides for Climate Resilient Agriculture: General Scenario in India
Mominul Sinan
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 57-65, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GAAZ7195
How to cite this paper:
Sinan, M. (2025). Biopesticides for Climate Resilient Agriculture: General Scenario in India. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GAAZ7195
Climate change is a global problem that requires long-term commitment and action from all stakeholders of society. Climate resilience requires generation of new products, development of some already available products and/or others products that not yet developed to improve the living standards and offering higher quality of life and thus transforming the economy and value chains. According to scientific data, the use of synthetic pesticides in contemporary industrial agriculture greatly increases greenhouse gas emissions and increases the susceptibility of our agricultural systems to the consequences of climate change. A more effective and environmentally friendly method of protecting plants from plant diseases was required due to the negative impacts of synthetic pesticides. Utilizing biopesticides in conjunction with synthetic pesticides through the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach yields positive outcomes for the environment and economy. The efficacy of biopesticides would be greatly increased by more research into the mechanisms that extend their stability and shelf life. The extensive use of biopesticides can help to achieve the objectives of natural farming, which include restoring soil health, maintaining diversity, guaranteeing animal welfare, highlighting the efficient use of natural and local resources, and promoting ecological justice. In this article the advantages of biopesticides over synthetic pesticides have been discussed for the climate resilient society and sustainable agriculture in India’s perspective.
Biopesticides, Synthetic pesticides, Integrated pest management, Climate change
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Saikat Mondal
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 66-71, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ORPP2183
How to cite this paper:
Mondal, S. (2025). Coal Mine Generated Pit Lakes in Abandoned Mining Areas in Raniganj Coal Field: Characteristics and Ecological Significance. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 66–71. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ORPP2183
Coal mine-generated pit lakes in the Raniganj Coal Field (RCF) are a unique and complex ecological phenomenon resulting from historical mining activities. These pit lakes, formed by the intersection of open-pit mines with the water table, exhibit diverse characteristics and play a significant role in post-mining landscapes. This review explore the morphological features, water quality, ecological significance, and restoration strategies associated with these pit lakes and the findings contribute to a deeper understanding of their importance and inform sustainable management practices.
Pit lakes, Raniganj coal field, Water quality, Restoration.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
D.E. Keerthi, S. Kandasamy, R. Raman, M. Thiruppathi, K. Dhanasekaran
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 72—78, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JKFG4506
How to cite this paper:
Keerthi, D. E., Kandasamy, S., Raman, R., Thiruppathi, M., & Dhanasekaran, K. (2025). Explicate the Impact of New-Generation Herbicides against Weed Dynamics in Transplanted Rice of Cauvery Delta Zone. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 72–78. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JKFG4506
During kharif season 2022, a field experiment was conducted in clay loam soil at experimental farm, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University to evaluate the efficacy of new generation herbicides against different weed flora under transplanted rice. The field experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications comprising eight treatments viz., T1 – Unweeded control, T2 – Twice hand weeding on 20 & 40 DAT, T3 – Pre-emergence application of Penoxsulam 0.97% + Butachlor 38.7% SE @ 2000 ml ha-1 at 3 DAT, T4 – Pre-emergence application of Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.75% + Pretilachlor 30% GR 2000 g ha-1 at 3 DAT, T5 – Early post emergence application of Fenoxaprop-p-Ethyl 9.3% EC @ 875 ml ha-1 at 10 DAT, T6 – Early post emergence application of Metsulfuron methyl 10% + Chlorimuron ethyl 10% WP @ 20 g ha-1 at 10 DAT, T7 – Post emergence application of Bispyribac sodium 10% SC @ 250 ml ha-1 at 21 DAT and T8 – Post emergence application of Triafamone 20% + Ethoxy sulfuron 30% WDG @ 225 g ha-1 at 21 DAT. The result indicates that hand weeding twice on 20 and 40 DAT significantly reduced the weed population and their dry weight effectively over other treatments. Among the herbicides, pre-emergence application of Penoxsulam 0.97% + Butachlor 38.7% was efficiently controlled wide rage of weeds and recorded higher values of weed control efficiency, weed control index and grain yield of rice. It was at are par with hand weeding twice on 20 and 40 DAT. Thus, it can be concluded that application of Penoxsulam 0.97% + Butachlor 38.7% as pre-emergence as proved superior over rest of the chemical treatments, with respect to efficient weed control, with enhanced yield in transplanted rice under the labor scarced condition.
Rice, New-generation herbicides, Penoxsulam+Butachlor, Triafamone+Ethoxy
sulfuron.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Forecast of Agricultural Commodity Price in the Presence of Volatility
Bhola Nath, Debasis Bhattacharya
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 79—88, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TWWK2894
How to cite this paper:
Nath, B., & Bhattacharya, D. (2025). Forecast of Agricultural Commodity Price in the Presence of Volatility. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TWWK2894
Modelling and forecasting of the sale price of an agricultural commodity in the presence of volatility is the focus of this work. Effort has been made to build an efficient forecasting model using the observed data on monthly onion prices for the period of January, 2003 to December, 2020. Non-stationarity and volatility are apparent in the price data observed in the commodity market as these prices are influenced by increasing demand, financial crisis, cross-sectional price variability. Considering all the above conditions, it is found that AR(1)-GARCH(1,1) model is suitable for forecasting the volatility present in the observed data set. The forecast of price as well as the conditional variance suggest that the volatility would be apparent and remain constant for upto June 2024. Forecast values of price of onion show a steadily decreasing trend which indicates that the price for a period of 24-months for the season 2023-24 shows some degree of stability. Thus, the onion cultivators of Bolpur market may earn more revenue by selling their produce as early as possible so that they can avoid the extra expense which will incur in storing the same for a long period.
Conditional variance, Forecasting model,
GARCH, Stationarity, Volatility clustering.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Ramesh Prajapat, Pooja Meena, Neha Kumawat, Shashi Meena
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 89—96, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DKOY4790
How to cite this paper:
Prajapat, R., Meena, P., Kumawat, N., & Meena, S. (2025). Diversity and Seasonal Fluctuation of Coleoptera Community in the Reserve Forests of Aravalli Range at Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DKOY4790
Coleopterans are a diverse insect taxon that includes beetles and weevils. They are an important part of the food chain in the ecosystem, chiefly participating in energy radiation, mineral recycling, and pollination in the terrestrial ecosystem. The diversity of coleopteran fauna in the forest ecosystem of the north-eastern Aravalli range was studied from March 2021 to February 2022 in two reserve forests: Jhalana forest and Galta forest, Jaipur, by employing random sampling in 10 x 10 m quadrates with the aerial sweeping method. The field survey comprised 2046 specimens of Coleoptera, representing 56 species in 12 families of the two suborders, Adephaga and Polyphaga. The Scarabaeidae family was the most dominant with 15 species, followed by Meloidae with 7 species, whereas Bostrichidae, Dermestidae, and Ripiphoridae represented only one species each. The highest abundance was recorded during the monsoon season. Across the study, Shannon’s Diversity Index (H’), Simpson’s Diversity Index (D’), Dominance, and Evenness were calculated as 3.065, 0.9418, 0.05819, and 0.7389, respectively, which reflects that the coleopteran fauna is quite diverse in the surveyed forest habitats. The comparatively higher value of the diversity indices revealed in Jhalana forest might be due to the occurrence of nascent habitat for coleopteran fauna with fewer disturbances. Understanding species diversity and distribution patterns is important to evaluate the ecosystem’s complexity and resources in these protected areas. This study will be the first documentation of the insect fauna of this reserve forest, and more field investigations are recommended.
Coleoptera, Species richness, Aravalli range, Jhalana Forest.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Anticancer Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles using Averrhoa carambola Leaves Extract
I. Srilega, M. Kavitha
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 97—102, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GXOX1694
How to cite this paper:
Srilega, I., & Kavitha, M. (2025). Anticancer Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles using Averrhoa carambola Leaves Extract. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 97–102. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GXOX1694
Averrhoa carambola, leaves are commonly used in ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine used for inflammatory skin disorders and fungal skin infection. The bioactive compounds are responsible for medicinal properties. Averrhoa carambola has proved to be effective in curing multiple diseases. In vitro cytotoxicity activity was done in Vero cell line. The synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extract and aqueous ZnO extract changes was observed. The formation of ZnO nanoparticle was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The bioactive compounds was analyzed in GC-MS. In vitro studies demonstrated that Averrhoa carambola inhibited the growth of different human cancer cells. Thus present study, no scientific report on anti-tumor activity of Averrhoa carambola. The project will be carried out on Averrhoa carambola as chemotherapeutic agent. Thus, it can be stated that this leaves is a suitable drug and can be further explored and exploited to meet the global demand for natural, cost- effective, and safer bioactive compounds.
ZnO nanoparticle, Cytotoxicity, Vero cell line, ZnO.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Hament Thakur, Mandeep Pathania
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 103—108, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/AWHU9229
How to cite this paper:
Thakur, H., & Pathania, M. (2025). Effect of Various Training Systems on Growth, Agro-Morphological Traits and Yield of Sponge Gourd (Luffa cylindrica (Roem)) L. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/AWHU9229
Four training methods, namely the bower system (T1), single plant training (T2), netting (T3), and ground trailing (T4 check), were compared to study the effect of above ground training methods on the yield and morphological parameters of the sponge gourd. The pooled analysis of variance showed significant differences among all the treatments. The mean performance of yield and fruit morphological parameters revealed that maximum yield, fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit width and vine length were achieved in T1, followed by T3, T2 and T4. The average fruit weight was maximum in T2, followed by T1, T3 and T4. The percent increase in yield of T1, T3, and T2 over T4 (check) was 7.88, 71.36 and 29.81%, respectively. The study of inter-association among the traits revealed that yield per hectare showed significant positive correlation with fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit width and average fruit of the weight, suggesting an increase in yield with the increase in value of these traits. Hence, training of vines on above-ground structures improves morphological parameters of fruit as well as total yield.
Sponge gourd, Training, Correlation, Morphological parameters, Yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Tiokeng Bertine, Anguessin Benjamine, Dong Etchike Alex Bruno, Momo Solefack Marie Caroline, Mapongmetsem Pierre-Marie, Nguetsop Victor François
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 109—121, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JYIG2147
How to cite this paper:
Bertine, T., Benjamine, A., Bruno, D. E. A., Caroline, M. S. M., Pierre-Marie, M., & François, N. V. (2025). Estimation of Biomass and Carbon stock Along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Forests of the Western Highlands Cameroon: Case of Western Slope of the Bamboutos Mountains. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JYIG2147
Controlling the quantities of biomass and carbon contained in Cameroon’s tropical forests is an asset for the successful implementation of climate change mitigation strategies. The aim of this study was to assess the biomass and carbon stored by the forests along the western slopes of the Bamboutos Mountains and to examine whether altitude has an influence on basal area, stem density, wood density and biomass values. Inventory data from 18 plots of 0.5 hectare each, established in mid-altitude and submontane forests were used. Biomasses were obtained using the non-destructive method. Estimates of above-ground biomass using trunk diameter, height and wood density gave a mean value of 155.49±57.54 t. ha-1; 292.28±90.81 t. ha-1, compared with 150.49±42.16 t. ha-1, 165.62±45.74 when height was excluded in mid-altitude and submontane forests respectively. The comparison test showed that there was no significant difference in these biomass values. PCA showed a positive relationship between altitude and these three variables (stem density, basal area and biomass). The large-tree diameter class (≥ 70 cm) contributed 41% to biomass accumulation in the submontane forest compared with 22.9% in the mid-altitude forest. Napoleonaea egertonii and Santiria trimeria showed the highest biomass values in the mid-altitude and submontane forest respectively, revealing that biomass varies according to species and depends on the size and abundance of the species concerned. This study showed that height made little contribution to biomass accumulation and that the quantities of certain structural parameters increased with altitude. The results of this study highlight the role played by the forests of the Bamboutos Mountains in climate regulation.
Biomass, Altitudinal gradient, Bamboutos
Mountains, REDD+, Allometric.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Tilak Das, Sanchita Nayak-Tripathy, Sujoy Midya, Partha Pratim Chakravorty, Susanta Kumar Chakraborty, Asim Kumar Pal, Rishikesh Subhashrao Dalvi
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 122—128, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XSWB6471
How to cite this paper:
Das, T., Nayak-Tripathy, S., Midya, S., Chakravorty, P. P., Chakraborty, S. K., Pal, A. K., & Dalvi, R. S. (2025). Histological Changes in the Vital Organs of Labeo rohita Acclimated to Increased Temperatures and Exposed to Critical Temperatures. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XSWB6471
The present research study describes histological aberrations in the vital organs namely, kidney, liver and gill of Labeo rohita advanced fingerlings acclimated at 26 (Control), 31, 33 and 360C for 30 days, and those exposed to the Critical Thermal Maxima (CTMax) (40.63 ± 0.170C) and Critical Thermal Minima (CTMin) (13.73 ± 0.07 0C) (temperature increased or decreased at the rate of 0.30C/min from 260C). Fish acclimated at 26, 31 and 33oC showed normal histoarchitecture. However, fish acclimated at 36oC and those exposed to CTMax and CTMin showed damaged gill lamellae, hepatic hypertrophy and renal hyperplasia. Our report on histopathological aberrations in the important organs at higher acclimation temperatures (360C) and during acute thermal changes (CTMax and CTMin) will help to monitor health and proper management of L. rohita culture during climate change scenario.
Labeo rohita, Histology, Temperature acclimation, CTMax, CTMin.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Manjeet, Arushi Rana, Shresthi Jaiswal
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 129—137, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YXQR4085
How to cite this paper:
Manjeet, Rana, A., & Jaiswal, S. (2025). Modelling and Assessment of Water Suitability for Agriculture in Safidon Tehsil of Jind District, Haryana, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 129–137. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YXQR4085
Agriculture requires an enormous amount of water. The quality of water used for irrigation is essential. This study aims to add to the growing body of research on the appropriateness of water suitability of Safidon tehsil in Jind district. A total of 76 samples from different locations were collected from Safidon tehsil. The water samples were analyzed for major cations (Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and Anions (HCO3–, CO3–, Cl– and SO42–). The irrigation suitability will be calculated by using Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Potential Salinity (PS), and Permeability Index (PI). The Result shows that 99% of samples of PI were suitable while only 1% were unsuitable, the PS of water samples lies from 20.1 to 35.92 which shows that the water is unsuitable for irrigation and the values of RSC lies between -1190 to -81 and these negative values indicate little risk of sodium accumulation due to offsetting levels of calcium and magnesium in the study area.
Irrigation suitability, Permeability index,
Potential salinity, Residual sodium carbonate.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
From Waste to Resource : Advances in Wastewater Treatment for Agricultural Reuse
Namitha Krishna, Nishan M.A., Parvathy Sasikumar, Ganesh S.
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 138—151, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/PTGV8102
How to cite this paper:
Krishna, N., Nishan, M. A., Sasikumar, P., & Ganesh, S. (2025). From Waste to Resource: Advances in Wastewater Treatment for Agricultural Reuse. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 138–151. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/PTGV8102
The burgeoning population of India is projected to surpass 1.5 billion by the year 2050. The growing pace of urbanization and industrialization, is expected to significantly increase water demand and wastewater generation. Currently, domestic and industrial use account for 15% of water reserves of India, by 2050 this percentage is expected to increase to 30%. Treated wastewater has gained significant importance as a resource for peri urban agriculture. However untreated wastewater poses serious environmental and health risks due to the presence of toxic metals, micro contaminants and pathogens. To address these challenges advanced wastewater treatment technologies are crucial. Conventional methods include sequential wastewater treatment stages that can remove solids, organic matter and other pollutants, improving the water quality for safe agricultural reuse. Advanced treatment technologies can target specific contaminants like xenobiotics and persistent organic pollutants. These tailored and innovative strategies are crucial for optimizing treatment efficiency. The review examines latest developments in wastewater treatment for agricultural use, highlighting their role in improving agricultural resilience and livelihoods of millions of Indian farmers.
Wastewater treatment, Conventional methods, Advanced methods, Agriculture.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Seyiekevino Tsükrü, P. K. Singh, Kevineituo Bier, Manoj Dutta, Jurisandhya Bordoloi, Damitre Lytan, Aibapynsuk Khongwar, Lanamika Kjam
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 152—160, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HWSZ5614
How to cite this paper:
Tsükrü, S., Singh, P. K., Bier, K., Dutta, M., Bordoloi, J., Lytan, D., Khongwar, A., & Kjam, L. (2025). Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Growth, Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Soil Properties in Direct Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop in the acidic soils of Nagaland. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HWSZ5614
Two-year field experimentation was carried out under a randomized block design replicated thrice consisting of fifteen treatments in total to investigate the influence of INM treatment combinations using FYM, vermicompost, biofertilizers like Azospirillum on crop growth, yield, nutrient uptake and soil properties. Careful observation from the growth indices confirmed that T8 recorded significantly the highest in terms of plant height (cm), number of tillers plant-1, CGR. Yield attributes were also confirmed to have found highest with treatment T8, respectively. Nutrient uptake both in grain and straw were also observed to have enhanced with T8 and organic source included treatments. Soil properties like pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, and available NPK were also found to have improved significantly with T8 over the course of investigation.
Rice, Growth, Yield, Nutrient uptake, Soil properties.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
D. Purushotama Rao, H. P. Chaturvedi, Vaibhav Sharma
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 161—168, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QNDD8134
How to cite this paper:
Rao, D. P., Chaturvedi, H. P., & Sharma, V. (2025). Multi Season Evaluation of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) Genotypes for Forage Yield Stability at the Nagaland Ecosystem. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QNDD8134
Foxtail millet is a significant crop for the ethnic tribes of Nagaland, playing a major role in their traditions. In Nagaland, most farmers cultivate foxtail millet for forage and grain purposes to maintain sustainable agriculture. Developing hybrids in foxtail millet is challenging due to the small flower morphology and the self-pollinating nature of the crop. Therefore, identifying stable forage elite variants from pure lines is a priority in foxtail millet breeding. Genotypic stability analysis conducted in this region will help to identify stable performance genotypes, which can be incorporated into crop improvement programs for developing elite lines. The current study was conducted from July 2022 to May 2023, with four different sowing dates considered as four environments. Two environments were maintained under rainfed conditions, and the other two were irrigated. Analysis of variance showed a significant (p<0.05) difference among genotypes and genotype-environment interactions, while replications showed non-significant differences. Three genotypes, namely G1, exhibited constant mean performance in fodder yield across the four environments, followed by G18 and G23. AMMI biplot 1 revealed that genotypes G1, G25 and G18 exhibited stable performance among 30 foxtail millet genotypes and these results were confirmed by AMMI stability values for G18 and G25, which exhibited the lowest AMMI stability values.
AMMI, ASV, Foxtail millet, Forage yield, GEI.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Light as a Key Abiotic Driver in Enhancing Germination and Phytochemicals of Chickpea Cultivars
Ranjana Chauhan, Pratibha Yadav, Khageswar Sahu, S. K. Majumdar
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 169—174, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GUHD9605
How to cite this paper:
Chauhan, R., Yadav, P., Sahu, K., & Majumdar, S. K. (2025). Light as a Key Abiotic Driver in Enhancing Germination and Phytochemicals of Chickpea Cultivars. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 169–174. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GUHD9605
Light is crucial for plant growth, serving as both an energy source and a signaling agent. Different wavelengths regulate key physiological processes, influencing seed germination and phytochemical biosynthesis. This review examines how visible light enhances seed germination and phytochemical content in chickpea cultivars. Specific wavelengths, particularly blue, red, and UV light, activate metabolic enzymes like phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase, significantly boosting the production of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Light promotes seed germination by triggering photosynthesis, modulating gene expression, and regulating hormone synthesis and enzyme activity. It also influences pigment biosynthesis essential for seedling growth and environmental adaptation. Studies show that LED light treatments can enhance phytochemical concentrations, thereby improving plant nutrition and resilience. UV light increases phenolic and anthocyanin levels, while blue and red light enhance metabolic enzyme activity. These findings highlight the potential of using specific light treatments to optimize biochemical traits in chickpea cultivars, making them more resistant to environmental stress and increasing yields. Understanding light-driven biochemical processes offers innovative strategies for sustainable agriculture, enhancing crop quality, resilience, and nutritional value to promote food security and environmental sustainability.
Visible light, Germination, Phytochemical, Abiotic, Phenolic compounds, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Nitin Kant Prabhakar, Reena Gangwar, Rakesh Singh Adhikari, Sanjeeva Nayaka, Mamta Arya, J. P. Mehta
Environment and Ecology 43 (1) : 175—184, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZDOF1463
How to cite this paper:
Prabhakar, N. K., Gangwar, R., Adhikari, R. S., Nayaka, S., Arya, M., & Mehta, J. P. (2025). Phytochemical Profiling and Antibacterial Efficiency of Hypotrachyna cirrhata and Parmotrema tinctorum Lichen Extracts from Madhyamaheshwar Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand. Environment and Ecology, 43(1), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZDOF1463
Lichens, symbiotic associations of fungi and algae, have long been utilized in traditional medicine and various industrial applications due to their rich bioactive compound diversity. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical profiles and antibacterial activities of extracts from two lichen species, Hypotrachyna cirrhata and Parmotrema tinctorum, collected from the Madhyamaheshwar valley, Uttarakhand, India. Phytochemical screening revealed distinct secondary metabolite compositions in chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol extracts of both lichen species. The extracts of Hypotrachyna cirrhata contained flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and phenols across different solvents. Among these, the ethanol and methanol extracts exhibited the highest diversity of constituents and demonstrated the most effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Parmotrema tinctorum extracts similarly showed a range of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins and phenols, with ethanolic extracts displaying potent antibacterial activity against both bacterial strains. All lichen extracts demonstrated significant antibacterial potential. These findings underscore the importance of solvent selection in extracting bioactive compounds from lichens, influencing their phytochemical composition and antibacterial efficacy. Further exploration of specific active compounds and their mechanisms could enhance the therapeutic applications of these lichen species as natural antibacterial agents.
Lichens, Phytochemicals, Antibacterial activity, Hypotrachyna cirrhata, Parmotrema tinctorum,
Madhyamaheshwar valley, Garhwal Himalaya.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International