Volume 44 (1) 2026
First Report of Lichens from Burachapori Wildlife Sanctuary with New Records for Assam and India
Dilip Tamang, Mandira Sarma, Sanjeeva Nayaka, DK Upreti, Vishal Kumar, Rakesh Singh Adhikari
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) : 1—9, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GHVD6348
How to cite this paper:
Tamang, D., Sarma, M., Nayaka, S., Upreti, D., Kumar, V., & Adhikari, R. S. (2026). First Report of Lichens from Burachapori Wildlife Sanctuary with New Records for Assam and India. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GHVD6348
Although lichens significantly contribute to biodiversity and are crucial bioindicators of ecosystem health, their broad diversity is still inadequately studied in several regions. To provide fundamental data for ecological monitoring and planning for conservation, this study assessed lichen diversity, composition, and distribution across the study area. This work was performed in Burachapori Wildlife Sanctuary under the Nagaon Wildlife Division of Assam to document the lichen diversity for the first time. Systematic sampling was used in field surveys at specific locations, and lichen specimens were identified using morphological, anatomical, and chemical characteristics. The study revealed the occurrence of 61 lichen species belonging to 28 genera and 18 families, with crustose types of growth forms being the most dominant, followed by foliose, fruticose and squamulose. Among them, Gyalecta effervescens and Pyrenula expectata are new to India, whereas Herpothallon minutum, Diorygma albocinerascens, Anisomeridium glaucescens, Bactrospora myriadea, Parmotrema stuppeum, Pyxine asiatica, Ramalina capensis, and Ramalina nervulosa are new records to the state of Assam. Microclimatic factors, habitat disturbance, and substrate type were all closely associated with variations in species composition.The findings emphasise the ecological importance of less disturbed habitats in supporting diverse lichen populations and highlight how environmental conditions affect lichen variety. This study illustrates the importance of lichens as indicators for biodiversity assessment and environmental change and contributes to regional lichen surveys with new additions.
Bio indicators, Lichen diversity, Biodiversity assessment, New additions.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 
Sequestration of Carbon to Acquire Carbon Credit and Minimization of Potent Greenhouse Gases
Kousik Samanta, Madhurima Banik, Aminul Islam
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) : 10—24, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IOTI5134
How to cite this paper:
Samanta, K., Banik, M., & Islam, A. (2026). Sequestration of Carbon to Acquire Carbon Credit and Minimization of Potent Greenhouse Gases. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 10–24. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IOTI5134
The escalating global population, coupled with increased urbanization and industrialization, is placing immense strain on natural resources and exacerbating climate change through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Primary sources of these emissions include the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and intensive agricultural practices, all of which release significant quantities of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Soil organic carbon (SOC), representing the largest terrestrial carbon reservoir, is crucial in climate change mitigation as it sequesters atmospheric carbon. This study aims to assess the capacity of soil carbon sequestration and carbon credit mechanisms to reduce GHG emissions, enhance soil health, and foster sustainable agriculture. Practices like conservation tillage, crop rotation, cover cropping, direct-seeded rice cultivation, alternate wetting and drying, organic amendments, agroforestry, and biochar application are proven to boost SOC levels, improve soil fertility, and increase water retention. Beyond restoring degraded soils, carbon sequestration also benefits biodiversity and farm productivity. Carbon credits offer a complementary market-based incentive for emission reductions, enabling farmers and industries to offset their GHG outputs. Notably, smallholder farmers can supplement their income by adopting practices eligible for carbon credits and engaging in carbon markets. Nevertheless, challenges persist, including the natural limit of soil carbon saturation, the risk of emission reversal due to land-use changes, difficulties in monitoring, and the potential for carbon credits to be misused for “greenwashing.” Despite these obstacles, combining carbon sequestration with carbon credit systems presents a scalable approach to reducing atmospheric CO₂, promoting agricultural sustainability, and fulfilling international climate obligations like the Paris Agreement, thereby positioning agriculture as a vital contributor to global climate solutions.
Carbon credit, Carbon sequestration, Carbon trading, Conservative agriculture, GHG’s.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
A Comprehensive Analysis of Trend and Decomposition of Wheat in India
Gyan Prakash, Manish Kumar, Bhim Singh, Alok Shrivastava, Babu Lal
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) 25—33, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FQVH3291
How to cite this paper:
Prakash, G., Kumar, M., Singh, B., Shrivastava, A., & Lal, B. (2026). A Comprehensive Analysis of Trend and Decomposition of Wheat in India. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FQVH3291
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an annual crop in the Gramineae or Poaceae family. It plays an important role in Indian agriculture because it significantly contributes to food security and the national economy. This paper deals with a comprehensive assessment for parametric trend modeling and decomposition analysis of wheat in India. The secondary data on wheat covering a period of thirty years from 1994 to 2023 was utilized for the analysis. To explore trends in production, area and yield of wheat, several parametric trend models were applied to the data. These models include linear, quadratic, cubic, exponential and logarithmic. To assess the performance and predictive ability of each model, statistical metrics were computed, including the coefficient of determination (R^2), relative mean absolute percentage error (RMAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE). The cubic model was found to be the best fitted model for the production, area and yield of wheat in India. Hence, on using the cubic model, the projections of production, area and yield of wheat were made for five successive years (viz., 2024 to 2028). The empirical results of decomposition analysis revealed that the yield effect attributed significantly towards the output growth in wheat production (i.e., 54.08%), followed by the area effect (i.e., 33.02%). However, the least contribution was due to interaction effect (i.e., 12.90%). The finding of the study could be used for reliable forecasting and effective agricultural policy on wheat crop. The results also support data driven decision making to improve wheat production and ensure long-term sustainability in the agricultural sector.
Trend models, Parameters, Coefficient of determination, Root mean square error, Relative mean absolute percentage error, Decomposition analysis.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Growth and Physiochemical Performance of Red Cherry Tomato in Soil and Soilless Cultivation Systems
Suman, Prity Mehta, Saloni Sharma, Charu Singh, Sanjay Yadav
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) : 34—44, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TUKW9949
How to cite this paper:
Suman, Mehta, P., Sharma, S., Singh, C., & Yadav, S. (2026). Growth and Physiochemical Performance of Red Cherry Tomato in Soil and Soilless Cultivation Systems. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 34–44. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TUKW9949
In modern protected cultivation several approaches are being used such as hydroponics, vertical farming, aeroponics and aquaponics. It is very important to evaluate the high-value crops under these methods to maximize their productivity and to minimize the risk of crop failure because of environmental factors under open-field conditions. In this study, seeds of Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (Red Cherry tomato) were sown in pro-trays for raising the seedlings. One-month-old saplings were then transplanted into two soilless systems developed in the polyhouse of the Department of Botany, Dayalbagh Educational Institute situated in District Agra of Uttar Pradesh, India namely, NFT hydroponic and vertical hydroponic, both supplied with Hoagland nutrient solution in triplicates. A control experiment was conducted under open-field conditions using recommended agronomic practices in a Randomized Block Design. Growth, biochemical, and yield parameters were recorded and compared across systems. Results of the study revealed that plants grown under both hydroponic systems showed superior performance compared to the control. Average plant height reached 179.46 cm in NFT and 165.86 cm in vertical systems. Fruit yield parameters also improved, with mean fruit weights of 33.70 g in NFT and 31.07 g in vertical systems. Fruit dimensions were greater in hydroponic systems, measuring 3.23 × 2.66 cm in NFT and 2.56 × 1.99 cm in vertical farming. Maximum fruit production was observed in NFT (4800.81 g/plant), followed by vertical (3767.13 g/plant) and control (1967.57 g/plant). The highest SPAD (85.58) and NDVI (0.86) values were recorded in NFT at flowering. Photosynthetic rate (14.36 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and stomatal conductance (0.118 mol m⁻² s⁻¹) were also highest in NFT. Soil-grown fruits had higher ascorbic acid (29.86 mg/100 g) but lower sugar content (6°Brix) compared to soilless systems (9.36 °Brix in NFT and 9.06 °Brix in vertical). Lycopene content peaked in NFT fruits at 90 and 105 days (294.24 and 305.70 mg/g, respectively). Overall, NFT hydroponics proved to be the most effective system for enhancing growth, physiochemical parameters and yield of cherry tomato compared to vertical hydroponics and open-field cultivation. These findings highlight the potential of NFT hydroponics as a superior system for enhancing plant growth and fruit quality compared to conventional cultivation.
Cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme), Growth, Yield, Physiochemical, Hydroponics, Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), Vertical farming, Soilless cultivation, Yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sobhini Nandy, Rituraj Dutta, Bijay Kali Mahapatra
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) 45—49, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HIBA6727
How to cite this paper:
Nandy, S., Dutta, R., & Mahapatra, B. K. (2026). Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of the Feeding Ecology of Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton 1822) from the North-East Coast of India. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HIBA6727
The feeding habit of 217 Bombay ducks was analysed by their gut contents and species were identified and observed in different frequencies for a year (2024-25). The species that were identified are Coilia dussumieri (CD), Johnius dussumieri (JD), Otolithes cuvieri (OC), Setipinna sp. (HA), Leptracanthus savala (RF), Stolephorus sp.(SC), Harpadon nehereus (HN), Non-Penaeid sp. (PS), X (unidentified). The frequency of gut contents was arranged in decreasing order, such as – PS > CD > HA > HN > OC > X > (SC, JD, RF) based on the frequency table of the gut content. The percentage Index of Relative Importance (IRI) was also provided, where PS (78.51178%) is the dominant prey, followed by CD (7.255529%), HN (7.092837%), HA (3.262283%) and OC (2.679047%). JD (0.487117%), X (0.296222%), RF (0.284903%), and SC (0.130269%) – occasional prey. The Degree of fullness (DF) and Stomach Fullness Index (SFI) predicted a low feeding intensity. Shannon-Wiener index (H’= 1.4854) and Pielou’s evenness index (J’= 2.197225) were calculated and indicating that the feeding habit is moderately generalized with moderate diversity and evenness of prey. The type of species obtained from the gut is also provided.
Gut content, Harpadon nehereus, Index of relative importance, Shannon-wiener index, Pielou’s evenness index.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Extraction of Agar from Gracilaria opuntia Collected from Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India
Smrithy P. S., Sajani Jose
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) : 50—56, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QNPB8564
How to cite this paper:
Smrithy, P. S., & Jose, S. (2026). Extraction of Agar from Gracilaria opuntia Collected from Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QNPB8564
The extraction of natural agar from Gracilaria opuntia, a red algal species, offers a sustainable and efficient alternative for biopolymer production. This study aimed to optimize agar extraction parameters and evaluate yield and quality for potential industrial applications. The process involved sequential pre-treatment, alkaline (5%) and acid (1–1.5%) treatments, followed by hot water extraction (70–100 °C, 1 h), filtration and gelation. The comprehensive evaluation of extraction parameters revealed that agar yield is highly sensitive to thermal, chemical and temporal factors, with extraction time (t = –198.00, p < 0.001) identified as the most critical determinant. Optimal yield (95–100%) was achieved under conditions combining 1–2 h soaking at 30–60°C, moderate alkali and acid concentrations, and controlled thermal extraction, which enhanced agarose solubilization without degradation. Cluster analysis stratified treatments into three performance groups, clearly distinguishing the high-yield regime (Cluster 3) from suboptimal protocols. The extracted agar exhibited physico-chemical quality comparable to commercial standards, confirming G. opuntia as a viable raw material for sustainable agar production. These findings establish a statistically validated framework for process optimization and highlight G. opuntia’s potential in developing eco-sustainable biopolymers for applications in food, biomedical, and packaging industries.
Gracilaria opuntia, Agar, Bioplastic film, Extraction and Treatment.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Nitin Kant Prabhakar, Sumit Kumar, Bhaskar, Manali Kaintura, Sanjeeva Nayaka, Jagat Prakash Mehta, Mamta Arya
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) 57—60, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZOQY1211
How to cite this paper:
Prabhakar, N. K., Kumar, S., Bhaskar, Kaintura, M., Nayaka, S., Mehta, J. P., & Arya, M. (2026). First Record of Umbilicaria cylindrica (Umbilicariaceae) from Nandi Kund, Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya, India. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 57–60. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZOQY1211
This paper reports Umbilicaria cylindrica (Umbilicariaceae) as a new distributional record for Uttarakhand, India. The species was collected from Nandi Kund, a high-altitude sacred lake in the Madhyamaheshwar Valley, located within Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, at an altitude of 4800 m a.s.l. The discovery extends the known Indian distribution of U. cylindrica, previously reported from Sikkim and West Bengal, highlighting the high potential for documenting unrecorded lichen taxa in high-altitude Himalayan ecosystems.
Umbilicaria cylindrica, Ascomycota, Lichenized fungi, Nandi kund, Uttarakhand.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Effect of Age of Seedlings on Growth and Yield of Rabi Tomato cv. Arka Rakshak
Kumari Vibha Rani, Sushma Kumari, Umesh Narayan Umesh, Seema Kumari, Jyoti Sinha
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) : 61—66, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DFDU2576
How to cite this paper:
Rani, K. V., Kumari, S., Umesh, U. N., Kumari, S., & Sinha, J. (2026). Effect of Age of Seedlings on Growth and Yield of Rabi Tomato cv. Arka Rakshak. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DFDU2576
The quality of seedlings in tomato cultivation plays an important role in good growth and higher yield. The farmers generally using over aged seedlings without root treatment, which leads to a reduction in yield and productivity. For raising healthy seedlings, the nursery beds should be well prepared along with soil treatment, seed treatment, light irrigation and all intercultural operations will be done in well manner. In this trial we had done transplanting of twenty days old seedlings without root treatment and thirty-day-old seedlings with treatment of 2% rhizobacteria solution. The best result was obtained in the findings of transplanting of 30 days old seedlings with root treatment rhizobacteria. The maximum plant height 62.68 cm, the highest number of primary and secondary branches 7:43 and 9.65 per plant, and the highest yield 309.27 Q/ha were recorded in the transplanting of 30 days old seedlings along with root dip in Rhizobacteria solution as compared to other treatments. The maximum gross return 247426 Rs/ha net return 184742.28 Rs/ha with the highest BC ratio 3.95 was recorded in the case of this treatment in one year and gross return 249879 Rs/ha, net return 186031 Rs/ ha and BC ratio 3.91 during other year of trail as compared to other treatments. The healthy crop of tomato depends on healthy seedlings and soil environment. The seedlings’ treatment with rhizobacteria solution improves the microbial communities around the rootzone. In this trial the best suitable age of seedlings was 30 days with root treatment with rhizobacteria solution for getting a healthy crop with good and higher yield in Agro climatic and Soil conditions of Nalanda district in Bihar.
Tomato, Seedlings, Rhizobacteria solution, Growth, Yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Short-term water logging on growth and yield of chilli
P. Behera, R. K. Panda, P. Tripathy, R. K. Nayak
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) 67—72, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GSPW3807
How to cite this paper:
Behera, P., Panda, R. K., Tripathy, P., & Nayak, R. K. (2026). Short-term water logging on growth and yield of chilli. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GSPW3807
Waterlogging causes significant damage to chilli crops and is a persistent problem in Odisha. So a net house study was conducted at College of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha in rabi 2022-23 to examine the response of chilli genotypes to waterlogging stress. In the first phase, eight chilli varieties were tested under varying durations (2, 4, 6, and 8 hours) of waterlogging. Among them, two local genotypes, Barkote and Daringbadi, showed remarkable tolerance, in way of more adventitious roots, lower incidence of leaf yellowing and wilting. Based on these initial observations, a second experiment was conducted using these two tolerant local chilli and the plants were exposed to same waterlogging period. A noticeable decline in the growth and a sudden wilting disorder was recorded to rise in waterlogging period. Both the genotypes produced fewer leaves and exhibited a significant reduction in leaf area under waterlogged conditions compared to their control plants. Short-term waterlogging triggered an oxidative burst, which corresponded with increased activities of proteins, carbohydrates, and proline, indicating a stress-induced metabolic response. However, prolonged exposure had a detrimental effect on yield attributes. Although both Barkote and Daringbadi showed decreased yield under stress condition, Daringbadi suffered a comparatively greater reduction of 19.8% than Barkote.
Capsicum annum , Waterlogging, Proline, SPAD, Wilt.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sweta Kashyap, Arunesh Kumar Verma, Ravikant, Vijay Kumar Maurya, Sutanu Maji
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) : 73—78, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WQHC1989
How to cite this paper:
Kashyap, S., Verma, A. K., Ravikant, Maurya, V. K., & Maji, S. (2026). Influence of Different Levels of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) on Vegetative Growth of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Costaricensis). Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WQHC1989
The present investigation was carried out during 2024 at the Department of Horticulture, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, to evaluate the influence of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) on the vegetative growth of dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) under subtropical climatic conditions. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 8 treatments viz. T1 (N-850, P-950, K-475), T2 (N-800, P-900, K-450), T3 (N-750, P-825, K-425), T4 (N-700, P-800, K-400), T5 (N-650, P-750, K-375), T6 (N-600, P-700, K-350), T7 (N-550, P-650, K-325) and T8 (Control) and 3 replications during the year 2024, focusing on the application of varying doses of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium via Urea, Single Super Phosphate, and Muriate of Potash, ensuring uniform plant health and spacing throughout. Observations on morphological and physiological parameters such as plant length, stem circumference, number of spines per areole, number of segments per plant, and chlorophyll content were recorded at regular intervals up to 225 days after treatment. Results revealed significant differences among treatments, with T2 (N-800, P-900, K-450 g/pole/year) exhibiting maximum improvement in plant length (70 cm), stem circumference (1.62 cm), number of segments per plant (2.33), and highest chlorophyll content (0.76 mg/g). The superior response under T2 treatment is attributed to balanced nutrient availability that enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and vegetative growth. The findings suggest that applying NPK at 800:900:450 g/pole/year in six split doses (April, May, June, August, September and November) through soil application optimally supports growth and physiological performance of dragon fruit under the subtropical conditions of Lucknow. This study emphasizes the importance of region-specific nutrient management to improve productivity and sustainability of dragon fruit cultivation in North India.
Nutrient management, Fertilizer scheduling, Dragon fruit, Growth.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Vanshi Lal Verma, Vijay Kumar Maurya, Arunesh Kumar Verma, Ravikant, Sutanu Maji
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) 79—88, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZXEC2415
How to cite this paper:
Verma, V. L., Maurya, V. K., Verma, A. K., Ravikant, & Maji, S. (2026). Studies on Influence of CPPU, Humic Acid and Paclobutrazol on Growth and Fruit Quality of Dragon Fruit Hylocereus costaricensis (Web.) Britton and Rose. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZXEC2415
The current study was conducted during the period of 2024-2025 at the dragon fruit plantation of the Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Science and Technology (SAST), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (BBAU), Lucknow, UP, India (26°55’ N latitude and 80°54’ E longitude, standing 123 meters MSL) in the subtropical climate having average temperatures dip to 2°C during winter, while summer highs often soar to 45°C along with 700 mm of annual rainfall where soil is sandy loam and slightly alkaline in nature with pH 8.1. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design (RBD) with 8 treatments and 3 replications to study the influence of CPPU, Humic acid and Paclobutrazol on growth and fruit quality of dragon fruit. CPPU was applied as foliar spray and Humic acid & Paclobutrazol was applied as soil drenching. The results showed that CPPU @ 200 ppm +Humic acid @10% had significant positive impact on vegetative growth parameters (plant length, segment length, arch height) followed by improved thickness and circumference by the combined application of CPPU @200 ppm + Humic Acid @10% + Paclobutrazol @1.5 g a.i./m2. Similarly, combined application of CPPU @200 ppm + Humic Acid @10% + Paclobutrazol @1.5 g a.i./m2 improved physical and chemical quality parameters of dragon fruits. Thus, combined application of CPPU @200 ppm + Humic Acid @10% + Paclobutrazol @1.5 g a.i./m2 two times during April and May on dragon fruit crop grown under subtropical climate of Lucknow may be suggested for better growth and improved fruit quality.
Dragon fruit, CPPU, Humic acid, Paclobutrazol, Vegetative growth, Fruit quality.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Potsangbam Lulloo Chanu, Elangbam Jadu Singh, Amrabati Thokchom, Chingangbam Sadananda Singh
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) : 89—96, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LMKL5178
How to cite this paper:
Chanu, P. L., Singh, E. J., Thokchom, A., & Singh, C. S. (2026). Assessment of Carbon Sequestration of Natural Mixed Forest and Plantation Forests of Pine of Langol Hill, Imphal-West District, Manipur, India. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LMKL5178
This research studies the carbon sequestration in two forest types: Mixed natural forests (Site I) and Pinus kesiya plantations (Site II). Tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and heights were measured across various quadrats, and carbon storage was estimated using allometric equations for different diameter classes. Site I had higher tree density (1240 plants ha–1) but lower biomass (7179.51 kg ha–1) and carbon content (3589.75 kg ha–1) than Site II, which had 980 plants ha–1, 36951.25 kg ha–1 biomass, and 18475.61 kg ha–1 carbon content. And the total carbon sequestered by all the trees in Site I and Site II were found to be 13.16 Tons Ha–¹ Yr–¹ and 67.74 Tons Ha–¹ Yr–¹ respectively. Results indicate that despite Site I’s density, its younger, smaller trees store less carbon than the older, larger trees in Site II. This highlights the critical role of forest age and species composition in carbon sequestration assessments, with implications for forest management and climate mitigation strategies.
Natural mixed forests, Pinus kesiya plantation forests, Diameter at breast height (DBH), Allometric equation, Carbon sequestration.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Epidemiological Study of Chilli Anthracnose
Bharathi B, Hijam Meronbala Devi, Sathiyaseelan K
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) : 97—103, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XLOT9513
How to cite this paper:
Bharathi, B., Devi, H. M., & Sathiyaseelan, K. (2026). Epidemiological Study of Chilli Anthracnose. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 97–103. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XLOT9513
The present research investigation, Epidemiological Study of Chilli Anthracnose, the experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) to know the influence of weather parameters on disease development in the field located at Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu. For the prediction of disease occurrence, the percent disease index (PDI) was correlated with six meteorological parameters statistically. The Correlation matrix showed that the disease severity was positively and significantly correlated with Wind Speed (0.814). Factors like RH max (-0.871) and RH min (– 0.850) were negatively and significantly correlated. T min (–0.48) and DP (–0.381) were also negatively correlated, though they were not significant. T max (0.257) was found to be positively correlated but non-significant.
Chilli, Anthracnose, Meteorological parameters, Disease severity.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Annusa B. Marak, Yumnam Somi Singh
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) 104—109, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UXVG8008
How to cite this paper:
Marak, A. B., & Singh, Y. S. (2026). Exploration and Selection of Elite Wild Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica L.) Genotypes in the Mountainous Tracts of West Garo Hills, Meghalaya. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 104–109. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UXVG8008
An experiment was conducted at Department of Horticulture, North-Eastern Hill University. Tura Campus to study the characterization local aonla genotypes using various physiochemical parameter for evaluating diversity and identifying potentially useful genotypes for future breeding programs and quality enhancement. In all the 40 genotypes collected, the maximum fruit length was observed in the genotype WGHA 21 (23.62mm) and maximum fruit diameter was observed in the genotype WGHA 16 (25.94mm). The heaviest fruit weight was recorded in the genotypes WGHA 16 (9.66g) while the fruit volume was reported highest in genotype WGHA 40 (3.40ml) and minimum was reported in genotype WGHA 2 (0.59ml). As per the recorded data pulp weight was recorded the maximum in the genotype WGHA 16 (8.34g). The genotype WGHA 33 (9.78mm) was found to have the thickest pulp. Significantly maximum pulp percent was observed in the genotype WGHA 39 (93.87%) and minimum was observed in the genotype WGHA 30 (69.65%). In case of stone weight, the heaviest was observed in the genotype WGHA 40 (1.47g). The qualitative character TSS reported in the genotypes WGHA 18 (20.27 °Brix) was found to be the highest. The acidity recorded the lowest was in the genotype WGHA 29 (0.51%) and the highest was observed in the genotype WGHA 39 (3.67%). Ascorbic acid content reported in the genotype WGHA 39 (841.48mg/100g) was the highest among all other genotypes while significantly highest amount of total sugar was observed in the genotype WGHA 9 (1.29%). Moreover, reducing sugar reported in genotype WGHA 4 (1.20%) was the highest and the lowest observed was in the genotype WGHA 28 (0.46%). In case of non-reducing sugar highest was observed in the genotype WGHA 9 (0.54%). Based on the study conducted the genotypes WGHA 4, 8, 9, 16, 18, 21,23, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33,35,38, 39 and 40 gave promising results in terms of physical and bio-chemical attributes and can be studied for further evaluation.
Characterization, Phyllanthus emblica, Physico-chemical, Promising, Performance.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Gaurav Mali, Saurav Mali, Subrata Sinha, Manash Pratim Bhuyan
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) 110—118, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ENGJ3312
How to cite this paper:
Mali, G., Mali, S., Sinha, S., & Bhuyan, M. P. (2026). A Machine Learning Approach for Potato Disease Detection with Application of Image Processing (HSV Processing and OTSU Segmentation). Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ENGJ3312
Potatoes are among the most widely cultivated and consumed staple crops worldwide; however, they are highly susceptible to diseases such as early blight and late blight, which significantly compromise crop yield and quality. Traditional disease detection methods, which often rely on manual inspection, are labour-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to human error. In response to these limitations, the present study proposes a machine learning-based framework for the ac-curate classification of potato leaf diseases, using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture. The approach implements image processing techniques, in which RGB color space is converted to the HSV color space. To enhance the localization of infected regions, Otsu’s thresholding method is employed, allow-ing for effective separation of diseased areas from the background. The model is developed on a dataset consisting of 3000 images divided into 3 classes: healthy, early blight, and late blight. With a batch size of 32, The model was trained for 50 epochs, achieving an accuracy of 97.12% on the original dataset, which further improved to 98.56% when trained on the segmented dataset. And finally, using different assessment metrics, the classification performance of the model was evaluated.
Potato disease, Convolutional neural network, OTSU Segmenta-tion, Machine learning, Image processing.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Ananth Kumar Y, Manikandaraja D, Nagarajan K, Sampath Kumar K, Ragupathi V, Elumalai Pandian
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) : 119—125, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HCOQ9382
How to cite this paper:
Ananth, K. Y., Manikandaraja, D., Nagarajan, K., Sampath, K. K., Ragupathi, V., & Pandian, E. (2026). Assessing Morphometric Diversity and Growth Patterns of Channa punctatus in Distinct Freshwater Ecosystems of Tamil Nadu, India. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HCOQ9382
The present study investigates the morphometric, meristic, and length–weight relationships of Channa punctatus populations from two freshwater habitats in Tamil Nadu — Madurai (Sakkimangalam) and Virudhunagar (Kullursandhai). A total of 207 specimens were analyzed to assess intra-specific variation and population differentiation. Standard morphometric measurements and meristic counts were recorded and statistically analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis through PAST software (version 1.89). The length–weight relationship for the combined sexes was expressed as Y = 7.9616x – 80.664, indicating a negative allometric growth pattern where weight increased less proportionally than length. PCA results revealed that the first three principal components accounted for approximately 70% of total variance, highlighting significant morphological differentiation between the two populations, particularly in head and fin morphometry. Cluster analysis further indicated slight segregation between Madurai and Virudhunagar populations, possibly reflecting environmental influences such as water quality, food availability, and habitat structure. Despite partial overlap in morphometric traits, population-level distinctions were evident, suggesting adaptive divergence under localized ecological conditions. The findings underscore the value of integrating morphometric and meristic analyses in stock discrimination and fisheries management of C. punctatus.
Channa punctatus, Morphometric analysis, Meristic characters, Length–weight relationship, PCA, Population variation, Tamil Nadu.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Nikita Kumari Meel, Naleeni Ramawat, Seema, Mahendra Junjariya, Rahul Gurjar, Ritik Jangir, Punita Dhankar, Kiran Choudhary, Kuldeep Puniya
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) 126—131, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XEKC6990
How to cite this paper:
Meel, N. K., Ramawat, N., Seema, Junjariya, M., Gurjar, R., Jangir, R., Dhankar, P., Choudhary, K., & Puniya, K. (2026). Effect of Water Stress and Foliar Application of Agrochemicals on Quality Parameters of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.). Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 126–131. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XEKC6990
A field experiment was carried out during the rabi season of 2024–25 at the College of Agriculture, Agriculture University, Jodhpur (Rajasthan), to study the effect of water stress and foliar application of agrochemicals on quality attributes of chia (Salvia hispanica L.). The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three irrigation levels, recommended irrigation (I0), one irrigation skip (I1) and two irrigation skips (I2) and four foliar-applied agrochemicals viz., control, thiourea, potassium nitrate and salicylic acid, replicated thrice. Results revealed that increasing water stress significantly reduced nitrogen, protein, oil content and swelling factor of chia seeds, while phosphorus and potassium contents were unaffected. Recommended irrigation recorded the highest nitrogen (3.471%), protein (21.70 g 100 g-1), oil content (25.99%) and swelling factor (9.30 cc g-1), whereas two irrigation skips resulted in the lowest values. Total phenol content increased under water stress, with the highest value under two irrigation skips (79.72 mg GAE 100 g-1). Foliar application of potassium nitrate proved most effective in improving nitrogen (3.398%), protein (21.24 g 100 g-1) and swelling factor (9.48 cc g-1), while thiourea enhanced oil content (25.66%). The study concludes that potassium nitrate and thiourea mitigate water stress and improve chia seed quality under arid conditions.
Chia, Water stress, Agrochemicals, Seed quality.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Madhuri R. Wani, D. M. Mahajan, Deepavali Shirurkar
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) 132—150, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JZNN3612
How to cite this paper:
Wani, M. R., Mahajan, D. M., & Shirurkar, D. (2026). Blue Carbon Dynamics and Vegetation Structure of Urban-Edge Mangroves along the Ulhas River–Vasai–Thane Creek Estuary, India. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 132–150. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JZNN3612
Urban-edge mangroves represent critical yet increasingly vulnerable blue-carbon ecosystems, particularly within rapidly urbanizing estuarine landscapes. However, integrated assessments linking vegetation structure, biomass carbon, soil organic carbon (SOC), and ecosystem service value at the municipal scale remain limited in India. Vegetation structure and species dominance were assessed using phytosociological indices within fixed-area quadrats along the Ulhas River–Vasai–Thane Creek estuarine system in the Kalyan–Dombivli Municipal Corporation (KDMC) region. Species-wise biomass and carbon stocks were estimated using growth-form–appropriate allometric equations, while SOC stocks were quantified for two depth intervals (0–15 cm and 15–30 cm) using standard laboratory procedures. Relationships between species ecological importance and biomass carbon contribution were examined using descriptive graphical analysis. The mangrove assemblage was dominated by disturbance-tolerant shrubs and climbers, particularly Acanthus ilicifolius and Derris trifoliata, while canopy-forming trees (Avicennia officinalis and Sonneratia apetala) were less abundant but structurally significant. Biomass carbon storage was disproportionately governed by these canopy-forming species, whereas shrub and liana dominated components exhibited high ecological dominance but comparatively low carbon contribution. SOC constituted the dominant and more stable carbon pool, with significantly higher stocks in subsurface layers (15–30 cm) than in surface soils, highlighting effective long-term carbon burial. Marked spatial variability in SOC stocks reflected differences in hydrological connectivity and disturbance intensity across sites. Urban-edge mangroves within KDMC function as ecologically resilient yet carbon-fragile systems, where sedimentary carbon pools play a critical role in long-term carbon storage. Species dominance alone is an insufficient proxy for biomass carbon sequestration without consideration of growth form and structural attributes. Protection of canopy-forming mangrove trees, maintenance of tidal connectivity, and prevention of sediment disturbance are essential to sustain blue-carbon functions in urban estuarine environments. This study provides a robust baseline for integrating urban mangroves into municipal climate mitigation and coastal resilience planning.
Biomass carbon, Blue carbon, Coastal resilience, Estuarine ecosystems, Phytosociology, Soil organic carbon, Urban mangroves.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Combining Ability Analysis for Yield and Its Component Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
C. Shobanadevi, R. Elangaimannan
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) : 151—158, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DITO4023
How to cite this paper:
Shobanadevi, C., & Elangaimannan, R. (2026). Combining Ability Analysis for Yield and Its Component Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DITO4023
The present investigation was carried out to study general and specific combining ability of 11 parents and 28 hybrids of rice for their yield and component characters. The 28 hybrids derived from 7 lines and 4 testers in L × T matting design. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed significant for all the characters. Variance due to SCA were greater than GCA for all the traits indicating preponderance of non-additive gene action for these traits. Among the parents ADT 43, TKM 13, ASD 16 among lines and ADT 37 and Tetep among testers were good general combiners for grain yield per plant and other component traits. Based on SCA effects crosses IR 50 × ADT 37, TKM 13 × Tetep, ADT 43 × Tetep, ADT 43 × IR 64, BPT 5204 × ADT 37, CR 1009 × ADT 37, CR 1009 × IR 64, ASD 16 × IR 64 and ASD 16 × IR 36 having positive and desirable SCA effects for yield and some of its component traits merit attention in breeding program for exploitation of hybrid cultivars.
Rice, Combining ability, L × T mating design, Gene action.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Vinod B. Kakade
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) : 159—165, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SZYP4881
How to cite this paper:
Kakade, V. B. (2026). Chronic Effect of Sugar Industry Effluent on Food Consumption and Growth of Freshwater Fish Chanda nama. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SZYP4881
Industrial effluents represent a persistent source of contamination in freshwater ecosystems, where chronic exposure often poses greater ecological risks than short-term acute pollution events. Among these, effluents from sugar and distillery industries are of particular concern due to their high organic load, acidic nature, depletion of dissolved oxygen, and elevated biochemical and chemical oxygen demand. Such conditions can disrupt metabolic and physiological processes in aquatic organisms even at concentrations that do not induce immediate mortality. Feeding behavior and growth performance in fish are sensitive sublethal endpoints that provide early indications of physiological stress and potential long-term population-level impacts. Despite this, information on the chronic effects of sugar industry effluents on native freshwater fish species remains limited. The present study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the impact of prolonged exposure to low concentrations of sugar industry effluent on food consumption and growth in the freshwater fish Chanda nama, a species selected for its ecological relevance, sensitivity to water quality changes, and suitability as a biological indicator. Fish were exposed under laboratory conditions to two sublethal effluent concentrations, 2.8% (1/5 dilution) and 1.4% (1/10 dilution), based on the 96-h LC50 value, for a period of four weeks. Feeding rate, food utilization, survival, and growth in terms of body weight were monitored weekly and compared with a control group maintained in clean water. No mortality was observed in any treatment, confirming the sublethal nature of the exposure. However, effluent-exposed fish exhibited a progressive and concentration-dependent decline in food consumption and growth, whereas control fish showed steady improvement in both parameters. These findings demonstrate that chronic exposure to even low concentrations of sugar industry effluent can significantly impair metabolic functioning, feeding efficiency, and somatic growth in Chanda nama, underscoring the potential long-term ecological consequences for fish populations in contaminated freshwater habitats.
Sugar industry effluent, Food consumption, Growth, Chanda nama.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Subrata Sinha, Saurav Mali, Mridul Bhuyan, Amit Kumar Pathak
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) 166—181, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NPKR4332
How to cite this paper:
Sinha, S., Mali, S., Bhuyan, M., & Pathak, A. K. (2026). Machine Learning Approach for Detection of Diseased Rice Leaves Using a Convolutional Neural Network Architecture. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 166–181. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NPKR4332
Rice (Oryza sativa) stands as a major staple crop extensively consumed not only in India but also globally. However, its production is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. Infestations by various bacterial and viral pests is responsible for hampering the overall production of rice crops. Early detection of the diseased plants is a necessity to increase the overall production and improve the quality of rice crops. Hence automatic identification of diseased rice crop can assist the farmers for better care of the crop. The application of a deep learning approach utilizing the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm has proven highly effective in the detection of diseases from images of rice leaves. In this approach, a model has been developed, employing a Convolutional Neural Network architecture, to achieve accurate detection of diseased rice plants. The model was trained on a dataset of 2993 images, divided into 6 classes, out of which 5 classes are of various rice leaf diseases. It achieved an accuracy of 96%.
Machine learning, CNN, Artificial intelligence, Rice leaf diseases.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Bhawana Ranabhat, Deepika Timsina, Namuna Sharma
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) : 182—191, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/CAUB2673
How to cite this paper:
Ranabhat, B., Timsina, D., & Sharma, N. (2026). Effect of Different Priming Agents on Germination and Seedling Growth Parameters of Spring Rice Varieties in Bara, Nepal. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/CAUB2673
This experiment was carried out in Fish laboratory of National Agriculture Modernization Program, Program Implementation Unit, Bara, Nepal to determine the effects of different priming agents on the germination and seedling growth parameters of spring rice varieties. The research was conducted in a controlled laboratory setting based on a 2-Factor Completely Randomized Design. Factor A consisted of 3 spring rice varieties (Hardinath hybrid-1, Sukha dhan-3 and Chaite-5) and factor B consisted of 7 priming agents (Hydro, NaCl 5%, ZnSO4 2%, FeCl3 2%, PEG 6000 5%, Gibberellin 10 mg/L of water, and Cow urine 20 ml/L of water). The treatments were replicated three times. Parameters related to germination (germination percentage, germination index, mean germination time, germination energy) and seedling growth (root length, root weight, shoot length, shoot weight, root to shoot ratio, seedling vigor index) were recorded. The result showed significant variation for varieties, priming agents and their interactions on most of the germination and seedling growth parameters. Among the given varieties, Sukha dhan-3 performed overall better than others in terms of all the germination parameters and most of the seedling growth traits. Among the priming agents, gibberellin, PEG 6000 and hydropriming improved germination indices and seedling growth, while Cow urine also emerges as a promising option, particularly for Hardinath hybrid-1. The interaction effect exhibited that Sukhadhan-3 treated with gibberellin, PEG 6000 and hydro priming gave the best results, overall. Chaite-5 showed inferior performance as a variety and for the given priming agents as compared to other varieties. However, hydro and Cow Urine priming can be considered locally to enhance the germination and seedling growth parameters for the desired variety according to the preference of farmers and given climatic conditions.
Germination, Priming, Seedling growth parameters, Variety.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sushobhan Sen, Pulak Das, Moupriya Mondal, Moushumi Chatterjee, Sabyasachi Chatterjee, Indrani Chandra
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) 192—201, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KGZU4584
How to cite this paper:
Sen, S., Das, P., Mondal, M., Chatterjee, M., Chatterjee, S., & Chandra, I. (2026). Establishment of a Cost-Effective Protocol for In vitro Propagation of Fragaria vesca L. and Study of its Genetic Stability through DNA Markers. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KGZU4584
Fragaria vesca L., a member of the Rosaceae family is widely known for its pomocultural as well as medicinal importance. In the present study, a successful attempt was made for micropropagation of Fragaria vesca L. The basal media used was MS medium supplemented with 440 mg/l CaCl2 and 0.2% phytagel. Different auxins (NAA/IBA) and cytokinins (BAP/KIN/TDZ) were used as PGRs in different combinations and concentrations. The highest number of shoot multiplication (i.e-12.33±0.75 shoots/explant) was obtained in BAP(1.0mg/l) in combination with NAA(0.1mg/l). Here the shoots were smaller in size. Whereas, in KIN (2.0mg/l), shoot length was higher, but the number was comparatively smaller ((10.00±0.25shoots/explant) than the BAP treatment. Although some roots were formed along with shoots. The highest number of roots (13.66±0.25 roots/shoot) were formed in half-strength MS supplemented with 1.0mg/l IBA. IBA (1.0mg/l) in combination with BAP (0.1mg/l) resulted in branched roots(13.33±0.45 roots/shoot). A successful and cost-effective acclimatisation process of in vitro grown plantlets was created, with 98% survival rate when transferred into a potting mixture of sand: soil (3:1v/v) with plastic support material to the stem and 50% UV-stabilized shade net. To make the procedure more cost-effective, some leftover plastic bottles, jars, and bowls were used as pots. The genetic stability of micropropagated Fragaria vesca L. plants was verified by uniform scorable bands generated by RAPD and ISSR DNA markers.
Fragaria vesca L., Micropropagation, Acclimatization, RAPD, ISSR.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Ecological Assessment of Spider Diversity in Voorhees College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
I. Annie Pushpa, S. Yesumanipreethi, S. Poojashree, N. Nirmal Magadalenal
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) 202—209, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/AAMV6792
How to cite this paper:
Pushpa, I. A., Yesumanipreethi, S., Poojashree, S., & Magadalenal, N. N. (2026). Ecological Assessment of Spider Diversity in Voorhees College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 202–209. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/AAMV6792
Spiders belonging to the order Araneae are important predatory arthropods that contribute significantly to ecosystem functioning through insect population regulation. The present investigation was carried out to document the diversity and community composition of spiders within the Voorhees College campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu. Surveys were conducted across various habitat types, including vegetated areas, open grounds, and urban environments within the campus. The study recorded a total of 70 spider species representing 18 families. Among the documented families, Araneidae showed the highest representation, followed by Salticidae and Oxyopidae. The predominance of these families suggests that the campus provides suitable ecological conditions such as diverse vegetation, sufficient prey availability, and favorable microclimatic factors. In contrast, several families exhibited lower species abundance, which may be related to habitat specificity, limited microhabitat availability, or competitive interactions. The findings highlight the role of the college campus as a supportive habitat for spider assemblages and reinforce the value of spiders as sensitive indicators of environmental conditions. This study provides baseline information on spider diversity in an urban educational landscape and emphasizes the importance of site-specific biodiversity assessments for future conservation and habitat management efforts.
Spider diversity, Araneae, Predators and prey.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Anjali Yadav, Ajay Kumar, Ramesh Pratap Singh, Priyanka Rajbhar, Shambhoo Prasad
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) : 210—214, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WSZR2779
How to cite this paper:
Yadav, A., Kumar, A., Singh, R. P., Rajbhar, P., & Prasad, S. (2026). Effectiveness of Different Concentrations of Carbendazim against Pythium aphanidermatum and Impact of Organic Amendments on Damping of Tomato Seedlings. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 210–214. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WSZR2779
Damping off is a common disease affecting seedlings, including tomatoes, often caused by soil-borne pathogens like Pythium and Rhizoctonia. Organic amendments can help manage this issue by improving soil health and suppressing pathogens. Pythium aphanidermatum is a soil-borne pathogen responsible for damping-off and root rot in various crops, including tomatoes. This study evaluates the in vitro efficacy of different concentrations of carbendazim, a benzimidazole fungicide, against P. aphanidermatum using the poisoned food technique. The pathogen was isolated and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Carbendazim was tested at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 ppm. Mycelial growth was assessed after 7 days of incubation at 25°C. Results indicated a significant reduction in fungal growth with increasing concentrations of carbendazim, achieving up to 93.33% inhibition at 500 ppm. The study confirms that carbendazim is effective in inhibiting the growth of P. aphanidermatum and suggests its potential as a control measure in managing damping-off diseases. Further research is warranted to explore its efficacy in field conditions and its impact on non-target organisms.
Disease, Pathogens, Fungicide, Organisms.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Priming of Linseed with ZnO Nanoparticles Enhances Seedling-stage Salinity Tolerance
Sonia, Renu Munjal, Suresh Nyol, Anita Kumari
Environment and Ecology 44 (1) 215—224, January—March 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WFAC1931
How to cite this paper:
Sonia, Munjal, R., Nyol, S., & Kumari, A. (2026). Priming of Linseed with ZnO Nanoparticles Enhances Seedling-stage Salinity Tolerance. Environment and Ecology, 44(1), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WFAC1931
Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a nutritionally important oilseed crop that is frequently cultivated on marginal lands affected by salinity stress, resulting in poor germination and weak early seedling establishment. The present laboratory study evaluated forty linseed accessions differing in salinity tolerance to assess the effectiveness of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle seed priming in enhancing germination and seedling performance under saline conditions. Seeds were subjected to two salinity regimes (control and 10 dS m⁻¹ NaCl) with and without ZnO nanoparticle priming (500 ppm). Germination percentage, seedling vigor index, root/shoot ratio, and Na⁺ and K⁺ ion contents were recorded. Salinity stress significantly reduced germination, vigor index, root/shoot ratio, and K⁺ content, with greater reductions observed in salt-sensitive genotypes. ZnO nanoparticle priming alleviated the adverse effects of salinity by improving germination, maintaining higher seedling vigor and root/shoot ratio, reducing Na⁺ accumulation, and sustaining a favorable K⁺/Na⁺ balance in both tolerant and sensitive accessions. The results demonstrate that ZnO nanoparticle seed priming is an effective, low-cost strategy to enhance early-stage salinity tolerance in linseed and may be useful for screening and managing salinity stress under controlled conditions.
Linseed, Salinity stress, Nano-priming, ZnO nanoparticles, Seedling vigor.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International