Volume 44 (2) 2026
Jyoti Bala
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) : 225—230, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MSMA8604
How to cite this paper:
Bala, J. (2026). Influence of Weather Parameters on Peach Leaf Curl Aphid, Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach) in Peach Orchard under Lower Shiwaliks of Himachal Pradesh, India. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 225–230. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MSMA8604
Peach leaf curl aphid Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach) is one of the most destructive pests of peach during the early stages of flowering in Lower Shiwaliks of the North Western Himalayas. Keeping in view the economic importance of this pest the present study was conducted to monitor the incidence of B. helichrysi from February to April in the orchards of Una and Amb block, Distt. Una, Himachal Pradesh. The results revealed that mean aphid population for the year 2018, 2019 and 2020 was 111.3, 123.5 and 127.1/10 leaves, respectively which indicated the gradual increase that over the years the pest incidence has increased. The highest mean aphid population was recorded during March (218.58/10 leaves) followed by February (96.52/10 leaves) and declined in the month of April (52.85/10 leaves). A significant positive relation of aphid population was recorded with the relative humidity during 2018, 2019 and 2020. Significantly positive correlation of aphid population with maximum temperature was observed during the month of February (0.580), whereas correlation was significantly negative in the month of April (–0.850). Significantly negative correlation with minimum temperature (–0.692) in the month of April was also observed. The correlation with RThe results clearly indicate that the temperature and RH plays crucial role in the build up of aphid population on peach plants.
Peach leaf curl aphid, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Population, Seasonal incidence.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 
Small Seedlings, Big Impact: A Comprehensive Review of Microgreens
Neeruj Naorem, Phurba Dorjey Tamang, Subom Rai, Sumita Pradhan
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) : 231—239, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KOKH4047
How to cite this paper:
Naorem, N., Tamang, P. D., Rai, S., & Pradhan, S. (2026). Small Seedlings, Big Impact: A Comprehensive Review of Microgreens. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KOKH4047
Microgreens, also known as “vegetable confetti,” are young, eatable sprouts of vegetables and herbs harvested approximately 7–20 days after germination, at the stage of completely developed cotyledons and emerging true leaves. Unlike sprouts, microgreens are collected without roots and have unique compositions and nutritional profiles. Because of their rapid growth cycle, low input requirements, and high nutrient density, microgreens have emerged as a sustainable and functional food source, particularly in Western diets. Their growth requires clean water, controlled moisture, and adequate light exposure, while fertilizers and pesticides are frequently unnecessary. Seed density, nutrient supplementation, and the quality and intensity of light significantly affect biomass yield and phyto-chemical accumulation. Microgreens are known for their rich phyto-composition, which includes essential minerals (Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg and Mn), vitamins (C, E and K), carotenoids, polyphenols and glucosinolates—all of which are frequently found in greater amounts than in mature plants. The regular consumption of microgreens has been linked to improved antioxidant capacity and anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. Microgreens can be grown via hydroponic and aquaponic systems, as well as via substrate-based soilless techniques.
Microgreens, Cotyledons, Sprouts, Food, Health.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Climate Change Effects Upon Trophic Structure and Disease in River Fishes
Chandra Bhushan Tiwary
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) 240—246, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BMQH6907
How to cite this paper:
Tiwary, C. B. (2026). Climate Change Effects upon Trophic Structure and Disease in River Fishes. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 240–246. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BMQH6907
Climate change significantly impacts the structure and dynamics of riverine fish populations, resulting in niche shifts that disrupt species distribution and alter spawning behaviors due to changes in water temperature and flow patterns. These alterations lead to reduced fitness and increased mortality rates as fish experience thermal stress at temperatures exceeding their tolerance thresholds. Additionally, compromised immune systems increase fish susceptibility to infections, while changes in disease transmission modes and water chemistry facilitate the proliferation and spread of parasites, ultimately threatening fish populations. Climate-induced modifications in river ecosystems endanger fish species diversity and ecosystem resilience. A major uncertainty in predicting the effects of climate change on ecosystems lies in understanding how it alters intra-species interactions. The unforeseen consequences of climate change may arise from the varied responses of different species to environmental temperature changes. Climate change-induced thermal stratification has altered the feeding relationships between phytoplankton and zooplankton in riverine environments. An increasing temporal mismatch in rivers, characterized by a prolonged decline in phytoplankton and small herbivores, could significantly impact resource transfer to higher trophic levels. Changes in fish populations and fisheries can have substantial economic and social repercussions for local fishermen who depend on them. Conservation efforts must prioritize habitat restoration and align with climate change projections to ensure the long-term sustainability of fish populations.
Food web, Match-mismatch hypothesis, Plankton, Thermal stratification.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Simranjeet Kaur, Sudhir Kumar Mishra, R. K. Pal
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) 247—255, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QUEC7793
How to cite this paper:
Kaur, S., Mishra, S. K., & Pal, R. K. (2026). Optimizing Irrigation and Fertigation Levels to Enhance the Productivity of Cotton Through the Use of DSSAT-CROPGRO-Cotton Model. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 247–255. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QUEC7793
The widespread use of conventional irrigation practice i.e., flood irrigation needs to replace with more water conserving practices like drip irrigation. In order to enhance cotton productivity, it is necessary to optimize water and nutrient levels through resource conservation techniques. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the DSSAT-CROPGRO-Cotton model under varying irrigation and fertilizer regimes during the kharif season of 2020. The experiment was assigned with Randomized complete block design, including three subsurface irrigation levels: at 60 % ETc (I₁), 80 % ETc (I₂), 100 % ETc (I₃), coupled with two fertigation levels: 75% (F₁) and 100 % (F₂) recommended dose of nitrogen (112.5 kg N/ha). Additionally, 100% RDN (105 kg N/ha) with surface flood irrigation and 100 % RDN (112.5 kg N/ha) with surface drip irrigation with were used as control. Results revealed that the highest seed cotton yield (3393 kg/ha) was recorded with subsurface fertigation of 100 % RDN (I₂F₂) with irrigation at 80% ETc, at par to fertigation of 100 % RDN with 100% ETc (I₃F₂). The DSSAT-CROPGRO-cotton model showed high accuracy, with higher d-stat (above 0.91) for simulating various growth, phenology and yield parameters. Thus, lower error values obtained under simulation results further supported the model’s applicability under diverse inputs and management conditions.
Cotton, CROPGRO, Drip, Fertigation, Irrigation, Simulation.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Saloni Sharma, Charu Singh, Prem Saran Tirumalai, Sanjay Yadav
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) 256—260, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XUOW9211
How to cite this paper:
Sharma, S., Singh, C., Tirumalai, P. S., & Yadav, S. (2026). Comparative and Synergistic Bioremediation of Chromium and Iron Using Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 256–260. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XUOW9211
This research investigates the biosorption capabilities of two bacterial species, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens against heavy metals. A time-course in-vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate their tolerance and biosorption efficiency when exposed to iron (Fe3+) and chromium (Cr6+). Using ICP-MS analysis, B. subtilis was found to biosorb approximately 27% Cr6+ and 46% Fe3+ after 72 hours, while P. fluorescens biosorbed about 38% Cr6+ and 32% Fe3+. Interestingly, a consortium of both species demonstrated enhanced biosorption compared to individual cultures, indicating a synergistic effect in reducing heavy metal concentrations. Results suggest that consortia of these microbes can serve as effective bioremediation agents for heavy metal contamination.
Biosorption, Heavy metals, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas Fluorescens, Consortium.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Anshika Singh, D. K. Rana, K. N. Shah, Vivek Singh
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) 261—267, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TNAL5284
How to cite this paper:
Singh, A., Rana, D. K., Shah, K. N., & Singh, V. (2026). Influence of Exogenous Application of Nano-Calcium and Humic Acid on Different Horticultural Traits of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) under Valley Conditions of Garhwal Region. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 261–267. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TNAL5284
The experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of exogenous application of nano-calcium and humic acid on different horticultural traits of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) under subtropical condition of Srinagar Garhwal at Horticultural Research Centre, Department of Horticulture, Chauras Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand during rabi season, 2023-24. The experiment was laid out in randomized Block Design with three replications having 9 treatments viz., T0 (Control), T1 (Humic acid @ 2.5g/l), T2 (Humic acid @ 4g/l), T3 (Nano-calcium @ 2.5ml/l), T4 (Nano-calcium @ 4ml/l ), T5 (Nano-calcium @ 2.5ml/l + Humic acid @ 2.5g/l), T6 (Nano-calcium @ 2.5 ml/l + Humic acid @ 4g/l), T7 (Nano-calcium @ 4ml/l + Humic acid @ 2.5g/l) and T8 (Nano-calcium @ 4ml/l + Humic acid @ 4g/l). The means of the ANOVA test were compared at 0.05 level of probability. The result of present investigation showed that, the treatment T7 (Nano-calcium @ 4ml/l + Humic acid @ 2.5g/l) gave the best outcome for growth parameters i.e., plant height, plant spread and number of unwrapped leaves, and yield parameters i.e., plant weight, head weight, head diameter, polar diameter and core diameter. For quality parameters, i.e., total soluble solid, ascorbic acid and dry weight, and core length, the treatment T6 (Nano-calcium @ 2.5 ml/l + Humic acid @ 4g/l) gave the superior result, while yield per plot, yield per hectare, head compactness and total soluble solid were found best under the treatment T8 (Nano-calcium @ 4ml/l + Humic acid @ 4g/l). However, equatorial diameter was found to be highest in treatment T4 (Nano-calcium @ 4ml/l). Therefore, it is possible to propose that combined treatments, such as 4 ml/l of nano-calcium and 2.5 g/l of humic acid, could be used to increase the production of cabbage cv. Golden Acre in the valley condition of Garhwal region.
Cabbage, Calcium, Exogenous, Humic, Nano.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Study on Genetic Variability for Yield and Attributing Traits of Lesser Yam (Dioscorea esculenta)
Anuj Kumar Choudhary, Shanti Bhushan
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) : 268—273, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TNQV7645
How to cite this paper:
Choudhary, A. K., & Bhushan, S. (2026). Study on Genetic Variability for Yield and Attributing Traits of Lesser Yam (Dioscorea esculenta). Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 268–273. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TNQV7645
The present experiments were carried out at the Research Farm Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Mzaffarpur in two respective years under Randomized Block Design with four replication. The experimental materials comprised five genotypes including two checks Sree Kala and Sree Latha of lesser yam. Mean Sum of square due to genotypes were found highly significant for traits viz ; days to 50% plant emergence, tuber length, marketable tuber/plant, non-marketable tuber/plant and tuber yield in both the years. High GCV was observed for traits viz ; days to 50% plant emergence, tuber length (cm), no of marketable tuber yield/plant and No. of non-marketable tuber yield/plant in both the years, while for traits viz; vine length (cm), dry matter (%) and tuber yield (kg)/plot in first year. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance were observed for characters viz ; days to 50% plant emergence, tuber length (cm) and no of non-marketable tuber yield/plant in both the years. Tuber length (cm), tuber girth (cm) and dry matter (%) had shown the significant and positive correlation with marketable tuber yield (t/ha) having high positive direct effect in both the year.
Lesser yam, Heritability, Genetic advance, Correlation coefficient.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Bipul Saikia
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) : 274—282, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/PADM5483
How to cite this paper:
Saikia, B. (2026). Role of Bao Rice Agro-Wetlands in Supporting Fish Populations, Breeding and Habitat-Adaptive Fishing Practices in Lakhimpur District, Assam, India. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 274–282. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/PADM5483
The present study evaluates the ecological characteristics of bao rice (deep-water rice) fields and assesses their role as breeding, feeding and refuge habitats for indigenous fish species. Seasonal fish sampling was conducted during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and extended post-monsoon periods using traditional fishing gears, along with dewatering catch after harvest. A total of 30 indigenous fish species, including several ornamental fishes, representing 16 families and 8 orders were recorded. This study provides the first evidence of seasonal fish abundance patterns in bao-rice fields, where the continuous presence of larvae and juveniles suggests their importance as in-situ breeding and nursery habitats. Prolonged inundation enables these agro-wetlands to function as conservation wetlands and human-supported natural fish gene banks. The findings highlight the ecological importance of bao rice fields in sustaining fish diversity and their socio-economic significance for communities dependent on traditional fisheries. The study emphasizes the need for targeted conservation and sustainable management of deep-water rice ecosystems to support biodiversity conservation and rural livelihood security.
Adaptive fishing, Deep-water rice, Indigenous fish, Nursery habitat, Refuge habitats, Seasonal fish diversity.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Anuj Kumar, Jeti Konsam
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) 283—289, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QFHO4617
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, A., & Konsam, J. (2026). Efficacy of Some Indigenous Plant Powders against Sitophilus Spp. through Quantitative Test of Maize Grains and Their Impact on Seed Germination. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 283–289. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QFHO4617
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a vital cereal crop worldwide, yet its post-harvest storage is threatened by the maize weevil (Sitophilus spp.), a pest responsible for significant quantitative and qualitative losses. Conventional reliance on synthetic insecticides raises environmental, health, and resistance concerns, necessitating eco-friendly alternatives. This study evaluated the efficacy of selected indigenous plant powders Acorus calamus (sweet flag), Vitex trifolia (Chinese chaste tree), Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass), Azadirachta indica (neem seed kernel extract, NSKE), Zanthoxylum acanthopodium (wing leaf prickly ash), and Ageratum conyzoides (floss flower) in protecting maize seeds during storage and their impact on seeSd germination. The powders were applied at 10g/kg of maize seeds and compared with a chemical standard (Fenvalerate 0.4% DP) and an untreated control. Results revealed that untreated seeds suffered the highest seed loss (23.92%) and weight loss (9.39%). Fenvalerate 0.4%proved most effective, with minimal seed (7.88%) and weight loss (2.46%). Among botanicals, A. calamus, NSKE, and lemongrass powders significantly reduced seed loss (10.46–13.58%) and weight loss (4.07–4.69%), showing parity with the chemical check. In terms of germination, NSKE, treated seeds recorded the highest viability (80%), followed by lemongrass (57%) and V. trifolia (55.33%), while chemical treatment (16%) and some botanicals like sweet flag (18.66%) and floss flower (12%) reduced germination drastically. These findings suggest that NSKE, lemongrass, and sweet flag are promising eco-friendly protectants for reducing maize weevil damage without severely compromising seed viability, offering farmers sustainable alternatives to synthetic insecticides.
NSKE, Indigenous plant powders, Sitophilus spp, Seed protection, Seed germination, Post harvested losses.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Earthworms under Threat: Their Possible Consequences and Conservation Measures
Suresh Kumar, Komal
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) : 290—301, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UYKJ4734
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, S., & . Komal. (2026). Earthworms under Threat: Their Possible Consequences and Conservation Measures. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 290–301. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UYKJ4734
Earthworms are keystone organisms in terrestrial ecosystems and play a fundamental role in maintaining soil structure, fertility, and biological productivity. Often described as “ecosystem engineers,” Earthworms influence soil porosity, nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and microbial dynamics. Despite their ecological and agricultural importance, Earthworm populations worldwide are increasingly threatened by intensive agricultural practices, excessive pesticide and fertilizer use, soil pollution, habitat destruction, invasive species, and climate change. The decline of Earthworms poses serious consequences for soil health, crop productivity, biodiversity, and ecosystem services essential for sustainable development. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the ecological importance of Earthworms, the major threats contributing to their decline, and the potential environmental and socio-economic consequences of reduced Earthworm populations. Furthermore, it discusses effective conservation and management strategies, emphasizing sustainable agriculture, pollution control, habitat restoration, policy frameworks, and public awareness. Protecting Earthworm populations is crucial for ensuring long-term soil sustainability, food security, and ecological balance.
Earthworms, Soil biodiversity, Ecosystem engineers, Soil degradation, Conservation strategies, Sustainable agriculture.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Shehnaz Sharma, Rajeev Sikka, Mandeep Kaur, Ruchi Goyal
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) : 302—307, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FYNN7005
How to cite this paper:
Sharma, S., Sikka, R., Kaur, M., & Goyal, R. (2026). Evaluation of Ultra Formulations on Yield and Productivity of Rice-Based Cropping Systems in a Semi-Arid Region. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 302–307. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FYNN7005
Unpredictable climatic changes and increasing population pressure necessitate agricultural innovations that will enhance crop productivity without expanding cultivated land. Improving yield through efficient nutrient management is essential for ensuring food security and sustainable livelihoods, particularly in semi-arid regions. A two-year field experiment (2022-23 and 2023-24) was conducted to evaluate the performance of three ultra-formulation fertilizers i.e., Ultra Plus 45 (T2), Ultra Classic 45 (T3), and Ultra DRC Irrigation (T4) in comparison with the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF T1) across four rice-based cropping systems: Rice-Wheat (CS1), Rice-Raya-Summer Moong (CS2), Rice-Potato-Eggplant (CS3), and Rice-Potato-Tomato (CS4). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design and the data were analyzed using R software. Results revealed significant improvements in crop yield, rice equivalent yield (REY) and system productivity (SP) under ultra-formulation treatments, particularly T3 and T4. Among the cropping systems, CS3 and CS4 recorded higher productivity due to intensive vegetable cultivation, while CS2 showed moderate productivity with improved nutrient contribution from legumes. The findings highlight the potential of ultra-formulation fertilizers to enhance crop productivity and system performance in diversified rice-based cropping systems under semi-arid conditions.
Rice, Cropping systems, Fertilizers, Yield, System productivity, Regression.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Shehnaz Sharma, Rajeev Sikka, Mandeep Kaur, Ruchi Goyal
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) 308—313, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OOTU6493
How to cite this paper:
Sharma, S., Sikka, R., Kaur, M., & Goyal, R. (2026a). Effect of Ultra Formulations on Soil Nutrient Status in Rice-Based Cropping Systems under Semi-Arid Conditions. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 308–313. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OOTU6493
Sustainable agricultural production requires nutrient management strategies that maintain soil health while supporting high crop productivity. A two-year field experiment (2022-23 and 2023-24) was conducted to evaluate the influence of three ultra-formulation fertilizers i.e., Ultra Plus 45 (T2), Ultra Classic 45 (T3), and Ultra DRC Irrigation (T4) in comparison with the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF, T1) under four rice-based cropping systems: Rice-Wheat (CS1), Rice-Raya-Summer Moong (CS2), Rice-Potato-Eggplant (CS3), and Rice-Potato-Tomato (CS4). The experiment followed a split-plot design and soil data were analyzed using R software. Results indicated that ultra-formulation fertilizers significantly improved soil chemical properties compared with the conventional fertilizer treatment. Soil pH tended to shift toward neutrality under ultra-formulations, while soil organic carbon showed noticeable improvement, indicating enhanced soil quality. The Rice-Raya-Summer Moong system (CS2) contributed to better soil fertility status due to legume inclusion and biological nitrogen fixation. Overall, the integration of ultra-formulation fertilizers with diversified rice-based cropping systems showed promising potential for improving soil health and crop yield in semi-arid environments.
Cropping system, Ultra-formulations, Soil heath, Soil quality, Nutrient management.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Abhishek Kumar Singh, Kanchan Puri, Vaibhav Kumar Singh, Kedar Dutt, Ritesh Joshi
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) 314—320, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UVJE9172
How to cite this paper:
Singh, A. K., Puri, K., Singh, V. K., Dutt, K., & Joshi, R. (2026). New Locality Record of an Isolated Population of Axis porcinus (Zimmermann, 1780) Across the Rural Landscape Near Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 314–320. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UVJE9172
A small, isolated population of Axis porcinus (Hog deer),surviving in a long stretch of agricultural fields have been recorded from a rural landscape in Narsan Block near Roorkee in Haridwar district of the north Indian State of Uttarakhand. The species is thriving across the inter-State boundary of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh States. Considering the reliable records in the literature and preliminary observations, it appears that the species has a sparse distribution across the mosaic of agricultural fields near Roorkee (Uttarakhand) and Deoband (Uttar Pradesh), however, is uncommon. This is the first documented record, which confirms the presence of the species in Bangar plains in Uttarakhand State with photographic plates and notes on species’ natural history. As the species is poorly studied in the State and data on its distribution and ecology is lacking, scientific studies, emphasizing on the species’ re-assessment and population distribution are needed to be conducted to formulate a long-term conservation plan for this globally endangered species.
Axis porcinus, New locality record, Bangar plains, Uttarakhand, Natural history, North India.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Soil Characteristics and Weed Diversity in Paddy Fields of Hojai District, Assam, Northeast India
Amrita Mondal, J.Y. Yumnam
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) : 321—330, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ISEQ1978
How to cite this paper:
Mondal, A., & Yumnam, J. Y. (2026). Soil Characteristics and Weed Diversity in Paddy Fields of Hojai District, Assam, Northeast India. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 321–330. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ISEQ1978
Soil attributes play a crucial role in determining weed community structure, which affects the overall dynamics of agricultural ecosystems. This study explores the relationships between weed infestation and soil properties in paddy fields of Hojai district, Assam, Northeast India. Soil samples were collected during two crop growing seasons viz. Rabi and Kharif, to analyze important physico-chemical properties between the year 2021 and 2024 from the paddy fields of the study site. The findings of the study showed considerable variations in soil properties across different seasons. Weed species richness exhibited positive correlation with porosity, soil moisture content, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen content, available phosphorus and potassium in both seasons. This study offers valuable insights into how the physico-chemical properties of soil affect weed diversity in agricultural lands, providing a useful basis for developing effective management strategies.
Agro ecosystem, Agricultural lands, Biodiversity, Cropland, Soil dynamics.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Chitrasen Lairenjam, Lochumi Kikon, Meribeni Y Odyuo, Imyanglula, Lamneithem Hangshing, Wungshim Zimik, Laishram Hemanta
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) : 331—338, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/EIOB9908
How to cite this paper:
Lairenjam, C., Kikon, L., Odyuo, M. Y., Imyanglula, Hangshing, L., Zimik, W., & Hemanta, L. (2026). Identification of Onset Effective Monsoon, Dry Spell and Critical Dry Spell for Dimapur, Nagaland, India. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/EIOB9908
Analysis of rainfall-related characteristics is an important problem in agrarian development and food production planning. Using daily rainfall and evaporation data for the Dimapur, Nagaland, an attempt to determine the onset of effective monsoon (OEM), dry spell (DS), and critical dry spell (CDS). The identification will aid groups in making crop planning decisions, whether they are directly or indirectly involved in agricultural output. Results revealed that in the year 2005 first OEM was detected in 2nd July of 27th week with a weekly rainfall of 16.60 mm. Similarly in the successive years i.e., 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 the first OEM were seen on 28th May of 22nd week, 5th February of 6th week, 4th June of 23rd week, 4th June of 23rd week, 16th April of 16th week, 11th June of 24th week, 30th July of 31th week, 7th May of 19th week, 30th July of 31st week,11th June of 24th week, 16th April of 16th week, 2nd June of 14th week , 11th June of 24th, 2nd July of 27th week and 21st May of 21st week. From the average value of all the years, the first OEM was observed in 21st week with 25.89 mm and the DS was observed in 30th, 36th and 38th week with 32.03 mm, 22.44 mm and 27.22 mm respectively. The CDS occurred successively in the first 20 weeks and last 11 weeks.
Critical dry spell, Dry spell, Onset of effective monsoon, Rainfall, Nagaland.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Barnali Das, Himu Roy
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) 339—350, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TFJO9722
How to cite this paper:
Das, B., & Roy, H. (2026). Comparative Morphological Assessment of Seven Species of Zingiberaceae from Garbhanga Reserve Forest of Assam, India. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 339–350. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TFJO9722
Zingiberaceae, the largest family in the order Zingiberales, is a taxonomically diverse group of aromatic, rhizomatous herbs represented by 4022 species under 114 genera globally. The present study deals with a comparative morphological assessment of seven Zingiberaceae species—Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B.L.Burtt, Boesenbergia hamiltonii Mood, S.Dey & L.M. Prince, Curcuma aromatica Salisb., Globba racemosa Sm., Hedychium coccineum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm., Hedychium stenopetalum G. Lodd., and Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm. collected from Garbhanga Reserve Forest of Assam, India. Detailed observations of vegetative and reproductive traits, including leaves, calyx, corolla, labellum, stamens, staminodes, and gynoecium were recorded, and diagnostic features were tabulated. A dichotomous key based on the species morphology was prepared to facilitate the identification of the studied genera. The study revealed both interspecific variations and shared characteristics, remarkably in floral structures crucial to taxonomic demarcation. Moreover, the incorporation of high-resolution colored comparative photoplates of the floral parts adds significant value to species identification and taxonomic verification. The findings provide baseline data valuable not only for taxonomic verification but also for ecological monitoring and conservation of Zingiberaceae within this biodiversity-rich yet underexplored forest ecosystem.
Comparative morphology, Floral characters, Morphological diversity, Species delimitation, Zingiberaceae.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Arkaprabha Sarkar, Ramawatar Meena, V. K. Tripathi, Chandan Kumar, Abhishek Kumar Meena, Yogendra Meena, Hariom Meena, Pradeep Yadav, Ramjeet Meena
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) 351—357, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ELLH4652
How to cite this paper:
Sarkar, A., Meena, R., Tripathi, V. K., Kumar, C., Meena, A. K., Meena, Y., Meena, H., Yadav, P., & Meena, R. (2026). Assessing the Role of Seaweed Extract, NPK consortia, and Urea Foliar Sprays on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Production in an Inceptisol of Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 351–357. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ELLH4652
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple crop critical to global food security, yet sustaining high productivity requires integrated nutrient management strategies that enhance nutrient use efficiency while reducing environmental impacts. This study evaluated the effects of seaweed extract, NPK consortia, and urea foliar sprays on the growth, yield attributes, and nutrient uptake of rice along with chemical properties of post-harvest soil. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with multiple treatment combinations, including recommended fertilizer practices, seaweed extract application, NPK consortia, and foliar urea sprays applied at key growth stages. Results indicated that it significantly improved plant growth and development compared to control and conventional fertilizer treatments. Yield components were also enhanced under combined treatments with better nutrient use efficiency and potential reduction in soil nutrient depletion.
Seaweed extract, NPK consortia, Urea, productivity, Soil properties.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Atish Yadav, Divya Singh, Anil Kumar Singh, Abhishek Singh, Rishabh Singh
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) 358—363, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OWCW9331
How to cite this paper:
Yadav, A., Singh, D., Singh, A. K., Singh, A., & Singh, R. (2026). Effect of Crop Establishment Methods, Irrigation Scheduling and Agrochemicals on Growth and Yields Parameters of Wheat. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 358–363. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OWCW9331
A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2023-24 and 2024-25 at the Agronomy Research Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya. To study the effect of sowing methods, irrigation scheduling, and agrochemicals application on growth and yield parameters of wheat. The experiment consist of three crop establishment methods i.e Line sowing, Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB), and System of Wheat Intensification (SWI), three irrigation levels i.e 1.0 IW/CPE ratio, 0.75 IW/CPE ratio and 5 Irrigation each at (CRI, Tillering, late jointing, flowering and milking) in main plot and three agrochemical treatments i.e Hydrogel @ 10 kg ha-1, Salicylic acid @ 200 ppm and Hydrogel 10 kg ha-1 + Salicylic acid @ 200 ppm. Results reveals that higher plant height was recorded with line sowing with 1.0 IW/CPE ratio 1.0 and hydrogel 10 kg ha-1 + salicylic acid 200 ppm. Higher flag leaf area was recorded under SWI sowing whereas, maximum total tillers was recorded under line sowing with higher level of irrigation and agrochemical application. Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed sowing method produced the highest grain yield (48.29 and 50.34 q ha-1) followed by Line sowing method whereas Line sowing method recorded highest Straw yield and System of wheat Intensification recorded the highest harvest index (40.61 and 42.00%). Irrigation at IW/CPE ratio 1.0 recorded significantly higher enhanced growth and yield parameters compared to 0.75 IW/CPE ratio. The combined application of hydrogel (10 kg ha⁻¹) and salicylic acid (200 ppm) resulted in superior crop performance. The findings suggest that FIRB sowing combined with optimal irrigation and agrochemical application is most effective under late-sown conditions.
FIRB, Irrigation scheduling, Hydrogel, Salicylic acid, Late sowing.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
P. Ahiladevi, K. Subrahmaniyan, M. Rajesh, M. Gnanachithra, R. Renuka, M. Shanmugapriya, L. Subha, S. Malathi, K. Rajappan
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) 364—371, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FMJS4494
How to cite this paper:
Ahiladevi, P., Subrahmaniyan, K., Rajesh, M., Gnanachithra, M., Renuka, R., Shanmugapriya, M., Subha, L., Malathi, S., & Rajappan, K. (2026). Integrated Pest Management Package for Yellow Mosaic Disease and its Vector with Correlation to Weather Parameters of Blackgram. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 364–371. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FMJS4494
Blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) is the fourth important short-duration pulse crop Similar to the other pulses, it enriches soil nitrogen content .In view of existing situation and importance of blackgram in Indian economy, the necessary prerequisite is development and popularization of economically sound and environmentally safe integrated management approach for successful management of Yellow Mosaic Disease in blackgram. YMV disease in mungbean is one of the major disease causing heavy losses annually throughout the country. As the disease is transmitted by insect vector, management of vector is important to check the YMV disease that can minimise the losses. The present investigation was aimed to evaluate different IPM modules for management of YMV disease of Blackgram. This experiment was conducted in RBD. The least white fly population was recorded in IPM module treated plots. The lowest yellow mosaic virus (YMV) incidence and whitefly symptom reflected in terms of highest grain yield by reducing the cost of chemicals. The maximum and minimum temperature showed significant correlation with Yellow Mosaic Virus Maximum disease incidence developed at maximum temperature of 35-420C and minimum temperature of 21-290C during summer 2020 in blackgram. However, the extension gap and technology gap were more so, there is an urgent need to create awareness among farmers about the implementation of IPM against YMV through the services of extension personnel to improve the blackgram yield and to reduce the extension and technology gaps in the Pudukottai district.
Blackgram- Yellow Mosaic Disease – vector-regression -correlation.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Rameez R. Gazi, Shiva Shankar Chaturvedi, Suchandra Bardhan, Shikhar Kumar
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) : 372—384, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BOSV7795
How to cite this paper:
Gazi, R. R., Chaturvedi, S. S., Bardhan, S., & Kumar, S. (2026). Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Change Analysis in the Umiam River Watershed of Meghalaya, using Sentinel–2 Imagery. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 372–384. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BOSV7795
Untreated sewage and municipal waste are discharged into the Umiam reservoir through the Umiam River, its primary water source. The rivers Umkhrah and Umshyrpi, which pass through the Shillong agglomeration area, are documented as being of concern, but Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes in the watershed of the Umiam River are not addressed. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery for the post-monsoon period from 2016 to 2020 was analyzed to understand LULC dynamics within the study area. Six LULC classes from Level I of Anderson’s classification were identified using a maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) supervised classification, with mean land shares recorded as: Agricultural land (10.97%), barren land (2.27%), built-up area (6.28%), forest (42.82%), rangeland (37.14%), and water bodies (0.52%). Net increases were recorded in rangeland (4.69%), agricultural land (1.68%), built-up area (1.15%), barren land (0.36%), and water bodies (0.18%), while forest cover decreased by 8.06% across the study period. LULC findings were compared with NDVI results, which recorded a mean of agricultural land (8.72%), barren land (1.80%), built-up area (5.23%), forest (44.35%), rangeland (39.75%), and water bodies (0.16%). In support of LULC trends, net increases in NDVI were recorded in rangeland (3.09%), agricultural land (2.45%), built-up area (0.85%), barren land (0.30%), and water bodies (0.09%). In comparison, 6.77% decrease in forest cover occurred across the study period. Overall accuracies of 85% and 85.50% were achieved in 2016 and 2020, respectively, for LULC classification. Kappa coefficients of 0.811 (2016) and 0.818 (2020) were rated almost perfect in the Kappa statistics. The contribution of anthropogenic activities in the watershed towards the reservoir’s degradation is indicated by the LULC and NDVI dynamics across the study period. This study will enable further identification, prioritization, execution and monitoring of management interventions to restore the reservoir’s health.
Anderson’s classification, LULC changes, NDVI, Supervised classification, Umiam river watershed.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Rupakumari Gedala, Srinivasa Rao, G.V. R.
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) 385—400, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/EHDF3490
How to cite this paper:
Gedala, R., & G.V.R., S. Rao. (2026). Prediction of WQI Using an Artificial Neural Network Model for Drinking Water Management in the Therlam Region, Vizianagaram District, India. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 385—400. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/EHDF3490
Groundwater quality monitoring in hard-rock aquifer systems is essential for sustainable resource management in rural regions dependent on groundwater for drinking purposes. The present study evaluates groundwater quality using the weighted arithmetic Water Quality Index (WQI) method and develops an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based framework for rapid WQI estimation in the Therlam region of Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh. A total of 828 groundwater samples were collected from 23 monitoring stations during November 2018–October 2021 and analyzed for fifteen physicochemical parameters following American Public Health Association (2017) standard procedures. WQI classification indicated that 30.43% of samples belong to the good to excellent category, 47.83% to poor, 17.39% to very poor, and 4.35% to unsuitable category, indicating moderate hydrochemical variability within the study area. To estimate WQI efficiently from routinely monitored hydrochemical parameters, a feed-forward ANN model with a 15–5–1 architecture trained using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was developed. Approximately 70%, 15%, and 15% of the dataset were used for training, validation, and testing, respectively. Multicollinearity among input variables was evaluated using Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) analysis prior to model implementation. Model performance was further compared with Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Random Forest (RF) approaches. The ANN model achieved satisfactory predictive performance (R² = 0.9658; RMSE = 0.4964, MAE = 0.3624), outperforming the baseline models. The developed ANN framework is intended as a rapid computational tool for WQI estimation rather than an independent forecasting model. The study highlights the applicability of machine-learning-assisted groundwater quality assessment in hard-rock aquifer regions while emphasizing the need for inclusion of hydro-meteorological and anthropogenic variables in future predictive studies. However, the developed ANN framework represents a site-specific surrogate estimation model and should not be interpreted as an independent groundwater-quality forecasting system.
Groundwater quality, Water quality Index, Artificial neural network, Hard-rock aquifer, Hydrochemistry.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Waikhom Arunkumar Meetei, George William John, Techi Yajo Tara, Tanya K Sangma
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) : 401—408, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JHPT2543
How to cite this paper:
Meetei, W. A., John, G. W., Tara, T. Y., & Sangma, T. K. (2026). Status of Turmeric in Meghalaya State: An Analysis of Trend, Instability and Decomposition of Area, Production and Productivity. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 401—408. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JHPT2543
Turmeric is an important spice crop with high commercial potential and medicinal properties. The purpose of this study is to examine the production performance of the crop through the lens of growth, instability and decomposition analysis of turmeric in the state of Meghalaya (India). The study examined the growth, instability and decomposition analysis of turmeric during the last 10 years i.e. from 2013 to 2023. The published secondary data were collected from the website of the Department of Economics and Statistics and the Directorate of Horticulture, Government of Meghalaya. Compound growth rate, an instability analysis and a decomposition model were used to analyse the turmeric production, area, and productivity. The study found gradual increase and relative stability in the performance of turmeric in terms of area and production. According to the decomposition analysis, the area factor is vital for the production of turmeric in Meghalaya over the years, having larger influence than those of yield effect and interaction effect. The influence of Lakadong Mission on the production of turmeric in the state was evident in the findings.
Meghalaya, Lakadong, Turmeric, Compound Growth Rate, Cuddy-Della Valle Index, Decomposition analysis.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Neha S. Baxla, Shalini, Rohit Srivastava, Manoranjan Prasad Sinha
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) : 409—415, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NOHG3274
How to cite this paper:
Dose and Duration Driven Suppression of Exponential Population Growth of Drawida willsi Exposed to Copper Oxide Nanoparticles in Laboratory Conditions. (2026). Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 409—415. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NOHG3274
The increasing release of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) into terrestrial ecosystems necessitates ecologically relevant risk assessment beyond conventional biomarker endpoints. The present study evaluated the dose and duration dependent effects of CuO NPs on the intrinsic rate of population increase (r) of Drawida willsi, an ecologically significant, r-selected tropical Earthworm species, under controlled artificial soil conditions. Population growth exhibited a clear concentration-dependent decline. While control groups maintained near-stable growth (r ≈ 0 to -0.0065), exposure to ≥400 mg/kg CuO NPs resulted in pronounced negative r-values, reaching –0.0717 at 1000 mg/kg after 28 days. Two-way ANOVA revealed a highly significant effect of concentration (F = 19.138, p<0.001), whereas exposure duration (7-28 days) showed no significant independent influence (p = 0.806), indicating that toxicity was primarily dose driven. Tukey’s post-hoc analysis identified significant suppression beginning at 400 mg/kg and highly significant inhibition at ≥600 mg/kg. These findings demonstrate rapid and sustained impairment of exponential population growth in D. willsi, highlighting demographic endpoints as sensitive indicators of nanoparticle stress. This study bridges a critical gap by integrating population growth analysis in a non-model tropical species, providing novel insights for soil nanoparticle risk assessment and long-term ecological sustainability.
CuO nanoparticles, Drawida willsi, Population growth rate (r), Soil ecotoxicology, Concentration-dependent toxicity.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Emilynruwaka Lamare, Basanta Moirangthem, Salam Suresh Singh, Shri Kant Tripathi
Environment and Ecology 44 (2) 416—425, April—June 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/AQBZ1814
How to cite this paper:
Lamare, E., Moirangthem, B., Singh, S. S., & Tripathi, S. K. (2026). A Comparative Analysis of Soil Characteristics of Tropical Lowland and Montane Forests of Mizoram, Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspots. Environment and Ecology, 44(2), 416—425. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/AQBZ1814
A comparative analysis of soil properties in tropical lowland forest (TLF) and tropical montane forest (TMF) was conducted to understand the influence of distinct ecosystems on soil health. While physical properties, such as bulk density, remained consistent, significant variations occurred in soil biochemical properties. TMF soil exhibited markedly superior fertility, characterized by significantly higher soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations. This enriched SOC content was directly linked to greater retention of essential macronutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg) and a stronger buffering capacity against acidification. In contrast, TLF soil displayed signs of advanced weathering, with higher levels of aluminium and exchangeable acidity. Biologically, TMF soils have significantly higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dehydrogenase activity (DHA), and nitrate levels. This study concludes that TMF can foster superior soil health compared to TLF due to increased SOC accumulation. This highlights the critical role of regional climatic and vegetative factors in dictating soil quality.
Tropical lowland forest, tropical montane forests, soil health, nutrient cycling, soil organic carbon.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International