Volume 44 (3) 2026
Indian Floral Diversity and Plant Conservation Issues
Soma Chanda, Tripti Bouri
Environment and Ecology 44 (3) : 549—556, July—September 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DQYW9457
How to cite this paper:
Chanda, S., & Bouri, T. (2026). Indian Floral Diversity and Plant Conservation Issues. Environment and Ecology, 44(3), 549–556. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DQYW9457
India harbors exceptional floral diversity shaped by steep climatic and topographic gradients across four global biodiversity hotspots. Plant diversity, with almost 500,000 species, serves human needs and plays a major role in the natural ecosystem. Anthropogenic pressure of population growth and industries has put natural resources in rapid decline. Habitat fragmentation, loss, degradation, destruction, resource overexploitation, alien species invasion, air pollution, nitrogen deposition, and climate change are the drivers of the decline in plant diversity. A conservation framework and priority actions for research and policy are essential. The world community is now very much concerned about the sustainable use of natural resources and the quality of the environment for both present and future generations. Environmental ethics, past and modern practices for the conservation of the forest resources have gaining priority in world wide. Different global strategies like agroforestry systems, utilization of different scientific and technical expertise, public participation and and different policies have taken into consideration for the conservation of natural resources. Further research on ecology and socioeconomic mechanisms associated with natural resources is needed to be understood and implemented in biodiversity conservation. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the current state of biodiversity in India, identify the primary drivers of its decline, and examine the conservation efforts implemented by the government, scientific community, businesses, and indigenous communities to preserve the nation’s abundant natural legacy. It is in our collective economic and environmental interest to practice sustainable forest development at the national, regional, and global levels.
Biodiversity, Hotspots, Conservation, Natural ecosystem, Overexploitation
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 
Tulumoni Gogoi, M. S. Rawat
Environment and Ecology 44 (3) 557—565, July—September 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KJZG1402
How to cite this paper:
Gogoi, T., & Rawat, M. S. (2026). Monitoring of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in the Gai Sub-Watershed, NEI, Using GIS and Remote Sensing. Environment and Ecology, 44(3), 557–565. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KJZG1402
The changes in land use and land cover significantly impact the environment in this watershed. This study utilizes Landsat satellite imagery from 2003, 2016, and 2024 to detect changes in the area. The supervised classification method is employed to analyse land cover changes in the Gai watershed. The land use and land cover classes are categorized into six types: agricultural land, built-up areas, forest, river/water bodies, scrubland, and others. Agricultural land and built-up areas are on the rise, along with forest and river areas, while other categories and scrubland are declining. Factors contributing to these changes include population growth, natural hazards, deforestation, and mining activities. Effective watershed management planning is essential for maintaining the environmental health and ecological balance and sustainable agricultural development of this area.
Change detection, LU/LC, GIS, Remote sensing.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Thengrak Hanse, Bhanita Bora, Ananda Ram Boro, Kangkan Barman
Environment and Ecology 44 (3) : 566—576, July—September 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DOKR3378
How to cite this paper:
Hanse, T., Bora, B., Boro, A. R., & Barman, K. (2026). Human-Elephant Conflict in India with Special Reference to Assam: Patterns, Consequences, and Mitigation Strategies. Environment and Ecology, 44(3), 566–576. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DOKR3378
Human–elephant conflict (HEC) has emerged as a significant conservation and socio-economic challenge, particularly in Assam, a major stronghold of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). The state supports approximately 5,719 elephants within highly fragmented habitats interspersed with human-dominated landscapes, resulting in frequent interactions. On average, around 70 human and 80 elephant deaths are reported annually in Assam due to conflict, with peak incidents occurring during the paddy harvesting season. This review synthesizes spatial and temporal patterns, drivers, impacts, and mitigation strategies of HEC in India, with special reference to Assam, using secondary data from published literature and government reports. The impacts of HEC are multidimensional, including ecological consequences such as elephant mortality and population disruption, as well as socio-economic challenges like crop loss, financial instability, and psychological stress among affected communities. Key drivers include habitat fragmentation, corridor disruption, and attraction to high-nutrient crops. Mitigation strategies have evolved toward integrated approaches involving early warning systems, solar fencing, community participation, use of trained elephants (Kumki), and habitat restoration. The study highlights the need for landscape-level planning, improved corridor connectivity, and coexistence-based strategies to ensure long-term conservation of elephants alongside human well-being.
Human–elephant conflict, Elephas maximus, Habitat fragmentation, Crop raiding, Mitigation strategies.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
J. Shilpa Shree, G. Kathiravan, M. Prabu, N. K. Sudeep Kumar, G. Vijayakumar
Environment and Ecology 44 (3) : 577—588, July—September 2026
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BWQT2349
How to cite this paper:
Shree, J. S., Kathiravan, G., Prabu, M., Kumar, N. K. S., & Vijayakumar, G. (2026). Comparative Review on Integration of Epidemiological and Econometric Models in Livestock Health Economics. Environment and Ecology, 44(3), 577–588. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BWQT2349
Livestock diseases pose serious challenges in respect to animal productivity, farm incomes, public health, and market stability. This review examines how the integration of epidemiological and econometric models helps to understand the livestock health economic analysis. Epidemiological models explain about the disease transmission patterns, risk factors involved, and control measures dynamics, while econometric models include the quantification of production losses, intervention costs, and economic returns. The paper includes various evidences across bacterial, viral, parasitic, fungal, and nutritional diseases, and also it highlights how this combined modeling frameworks improve the evaluation of prevention, control, and eradication strategies. Despite their advantages, their usage is limited due to limited interdisciplinary collaboration and data constraints. Strengthening this integration is essential for One Health framework includes efficient allocation of resources, evidence-based policy formulation, and sustainable livestock health management.
Epidemiology, Econometrics, Models, Livestock, Health, Economics.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International