Volume 43 (4) 2025
Toxic Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Early Developmental Stages of Fish Anabas testudineus (Bloch 1972)
Sheikh Gulfia Begum, Parag Deka, Bandita Talukdar
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 965—970, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WWYS4909
How to cite this paper:
Begum, S. G., Deka, P., & Talukdar, B. (2025). Toxic Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Early Developmental Stages of Fish Anabas testudineus (Bloch 1972). Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 965–970. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WWYS4909
Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used insecticide in and around Northeast, Assam, India. In this study an experiment was conducted to examine the effects of chlorpyrifos on embryonic development of Anabas testudineus. From the fertilized eggs and hatched larvae LC50 value was calculated at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Four sub-lethal concentration was selected for the toxicity treatment on embryological and larval stages i.e., 0.1 μgL−1, 0.2 μgL−1, 0.4 μgL−1 and 0.6 μgL−1. About 100 numbers of fertilized eggs were introduced to each mention sub-lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos. The LC50 values of chlorpyrifos pesticide for embryo and larvae of Anabas testudineus at 24 h was 0.261 μgL−1 respectively. Results showed increasing concentrations decreased hatching success and increased embryonic mortality rate. In embryos, various abnormalities were observed including egg shell broken, yolk sac damage, yolk sac elongation. The LC50 values of chlorpyrifos pesticide for larvae of Anabas testudineus 24, 48, 72 h were 0.6 μgL−1, 0.39 μgL−1 and 0.311 μgL−1 respectively. Various physical deformities, including inflammation of swim bladder, abnormalities in notochord, yolk sac edema, lordosis, tail ulceration and irregular caudal region were evident in larvae in response to different concentrations of chlorpyrifos. The finding of the current study indicates that chlorpyrifos pesticide exerts various developmental toxicity to Anabas testudineus embryos and larvae.
Chlorpyrifos, Acute toxicity, Anabus testudineus, Embryo, Larvae.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 
Gavande K. P., Rai P. K., Girase I. P.
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 971—976, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IZES3351
How to cite this paper:
Gavande, K. P., Rai, P. K., & Girase, I. P. (2025). Pre Sowing Seed Treatments of Panchagavya, Jeevamruth, and Leaf Extract of Neem on Growth, Yield and Yield Attributing Traits of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Phule Utkarsha. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 971–976. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IZES3351
The study was undertaken during the kharif season of 2021–22 to evaluate the “Effect of pre-sowing seed treatments with selected organic fertilizers on the growth, yield and yield-attributing traits of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) variety Phule Utkarsha.” The experiment was conducted at the Field Experimentation Center, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. The soil of the site was sandy loam with moderate water-holding capacity, a pH between 7.0 and 8.0, and nutrient availability of 125 kg/ha nitrogen, 75 kg/ha phosphorus, and 62.5 kg/ha potassium. The trial was arranged in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with thirteen treatments, including a control, each replicated three times. T0-Control, (T1, T2, T3 and T4 Panchagavya – @1%, 3%, 5% and 7%), (T5, T6, T7 and T8 Jeevamruth 1%, 3%, 5% and 7%), (T9, T10, T11 and T12 Neem Leaf Extract @ 1%, 3%, 5% and 7%) respectively. The results indicated that seed treatment with Jeevamruth at 7% (T₁₃) performed superior to all other treatments. It recorded the highest field emergence (33.55%), plant height at 30, 60 and 90 DAS (35.76 cm, 96.40 cm and 124.73 cm, respectively), and earlier flowering (50% flowering at 53.33 days). The treatment also produced fewer days to maturity (110.67), maximum number of branches per plant (9.53), highest 1000-seed weight (69.67 g), greater number of capsules per plant (42.27), maximum seed yield per plot (0.97 kg), and the highest biological yield (389.67 g). However, the harvest index (41.75%) did not differ significantly from the other treatments.
Okra, Phule Utkarsha, Panchagavya, Jeevamruth, Neem leaf extract.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Abhishek Maitry, Gunjan Patil
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 977—983, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/AZGU9166
How to cite this paper:
Maitry, A., & Patil, G. (2025). Monitoring Ecorestoration Success using Spatial and Temporal Change Detection Techniques in Nandini Limestone Mines of Chhattisgarh, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 977–983. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/AZGU9166
Limestone mining plays a vital role in India’s industrial development, particularly in cement and construction sectors. However, large-scale extraction significantly alters land use/land cover (LULC) patterns and degrades ecological balance, especially in mineral-rich regions like Chhattisgarh. This study aims to monitor and evaluate the success of ecorestoration initiatives in the Nandini Limestone Mine, located in Dhamdha block of Durg district, using spatial and temporal remote sensing techniques over a 30-year period (1994–2024). Multi-date satellite imageries from LANDSAT 5 (TM) and LANDSAT 9 (OLI/TIRS) were analyzed using supervised classification and maximum likelihood algorithms in a GIS environment to map five key LULC classes: plantation, scrubland, mining area, wasteland, and water body. The results reveal a significant increase in plantation cover (+26.10%) and water bodies (+2.81%), indicating successful restoration and hydrological recovery. Conversely, scrubland declined sharply (-26.91%), suggesting vegetation transition toward more stable land use types. Mining areas showed a marginal reduction (-1.85%), while wasteland remained relatively unchanged. The study demonstrates that integrating satellite-based LULC analysis with ground truthing provides a powerful and scalable framework for assessing long-term restoration outcomes in degraded mining landscapes. The findings offer crucial insights for sustainable mine closure planning, policy formulation, ecological resilience building and restoration planning in extractive industry zones.
LULC change detection, Ecorestoration, Mining reclamation, LANDSAT, Post-mining recovery.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Mushrooms as a Sustainable Resource: Biocatalysis, Health Benefits and Waste Utilization
Shivani Tyagi, Mamtesh Singh, Mayandi Divya Gnaneshwari, Smriti Sharma, Thoudam Regina
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 984—989, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FIVJ8790
How to cite this paper:
Tyagi, S., Singh, M., Gnaneshwari, M. D., Sharma, S., & Regina, T. (2025). Mushrooms as a Sustainable Resource: Biocatalysis, Health Benefits and Waste Utilization. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 984–989. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FIVJ8790
Mushrooms have emerged as a versatile resource with applications in biocatalysis, human health, and waste management. This review explores the multifaceted role of mushrooms, highlighting their enzymatic potential in organic synthesis, their prebiotic and medicinal properties, and their contributions to sustainable waste utilization. We provide a comprehensive synthesis of recent advancements in mushroom-based biocatalysis, gut microbiota modulation, therapeutic applications, and the recycling of spent mushroom substrate (SMS). By integrating insights from 30 key research papers, this review underscores the significance of mushrooms in various scientific and industrial domains while identifying future research directions.
Mushroom, Biocatalyst, Recycling, Microbiota.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Ramappa, S. K. Jain, N. K. Jain, Deepak Rajpurohith, Nikita wadhawan, S. S. Meena
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 990—999, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NZKZ8986
How to cite this paper:
Ramappa, Jain, S. K., Jain, N. K., Rajpurohith, D., Wadhawan, N., & Meena, S. S. (2025). Moringa oleifera Lam.: A comprehensive Review of its Tree Components, Nutritional Profile, and Therapeutic Potential. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 990–999. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NZKZ8986
Moringa oleifera Lam., commonly called the drumstick tree, is a fast-growing, drought-resistant plant with wide-ranging uses in nutrition, medicine, agriculture, and environmental sustainability. This review highlights the morphological characteristics, phytochemical richness, and diverse applications of its leaves, seeds, pods, flowers, bark, and roots. Rich in essential nutrients, the leaves serve as effective supplements to combat malnutrition, especially in developing regions. Seeds yield oil with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and find application in biodiesel production and water purification. The bark and roots exhibit medicinal activities such as antidiabetic, analgesic, and antimicrobial effects. Moreover, its ability to thrive in poor soils and sequester carbon makes it a valuable ally in combating climate change and food insecurity. However, challenges including antinutritional compounds, lack of dosage standardization, and regulatory gaps need attention. Consolidating global research, this review emphasizes M. oleifera as a sustainable bioresource and calls for deeper clinical and industrial exploration.
Moringa oleifera, Bioactive compounds, Traditional medicine, Antioxidant activity, Sustainable agriculture.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Vimlesh Kumar, D. K. Singh, V. K. Singh, Prakash Yadav
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1000—1004, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OJHQ5990
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, V., Singh, D. K., Singh, V. K., & Yadav, P. (2025). Exploring the Dynamics of Genetic Parameters: Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Sponge Gourd. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1000–1004. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OJHQ5990
Sponge gourd is a popular low cost vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions. It is an important component of crop rotation during pre-kharif and kharif seasons in North Indian conditions and is cultivated both on a commercial scale and in kitchen gardens. The present study was conducted to find out the variation among the genotypes for different traits, like as the number of nodes at first male flower appearance, fruit yield per plant, number of nodes at first female flower appear, fruit diameter, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, days to first fruit harvest, days to first female flower and days to first male flower. The mean sum of squares due to genotypes revealed that a wider range of variation among the traits for almost all of the traits. High PCV and GCV estimates for number of number of nodes at first male flower appear, fruit yield per plant and the number of nodes at first female flower appear suggest substantial variability for the traits, thereby ensuring ample scope for improvement of these traits through selection. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as % mean were observed for number of node at first female flower appear, number of node at first male flower appear, fruit diameter, average fruit weight, number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant which revealed that these traits are governed by additive gene action and phenotypic selection would be effective for the improvement of these traits.
Sponge gourd, Variability, Heritability, Genetic advance.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
T. Gohain, Kehokhunu, Rinu Sakhong, Anpur S. Goud
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1005—1010, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/VRLT3336
How to cite this paper:
Gohain, T., Kehokhunu, Sakhong, R., & Goud, A. S. (2025). A Study on Growth, Yield, and Quality Traits of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties under the Agro- Climatic Conditions of Nagaland, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1005–1010. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/VRLT3336
A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2024 at the experimental farm of the Department of Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagaland University, Medziphema campus. The objective of the study was to assess the growth, yield, and quality of seven different potato varieties under the agro climatic conditions of Nagaland. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. The results of the experiment indicated the significant variations in emergence percentages among the potato varieties. Tuber weight did not correlate positively with yield, as the heaviest tuber weight was observed in V3 Kufri Khyati, amounting to 76.00 g for fresh weight and 15.80 g for dry weight. Conversely, V6 Kufri Lalima exhibited the lowest tuber weight, recorded at 37.39 g for fresh and 9.50 g for dry weight. The harvest index varied significantly among the varieties, with the highest value recorded for V4 Kufri Jyoti. Moisture content encompassed a range of 70% to 79%, with V3 Kufri Khyati attaining the highest moisture level at 79.77%, comparable to V2 Kufri Nilkantha at 70%. In terms of dry matter percentage, V6 Kufri Lalima exhibited the highest dry matter content at 29.56%, followed by V5 Kufri Uday at 28.22%. Kurfi Uday recorded the highest yield (7.36 t ha-1) followed by Kurfi Khyati (6 t ha-1). This study provided an insights into the performance of various potato varieties in the agricultural landscape of Nagaland, contributing to enhanced understanding and potential improvement in potato cultivation practices.
Potato, Varieties, Growth, Yield, Quality.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
M. Abishiek Rajkamal, P. Raja, R. Sarath Kumar
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1011—1019, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OJVP2069
How to cite this paper:
Rajkamal, M. A., Raja, P., & Kumar, R. S. (2025). Estimation of Microplastic Pollution in Commercial Pelagic Finfish, Sardinella longiceps (Valenciennes 1847) Collected from Thoothukudi District, Gulf of Mannar, Southeast India. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1011–1019. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OJVP2069
The revolutionary product of the 20th century is severely impacting global health. While macroplastics can be easily collected when visible, their transformation into microplastics (MPs) poses a significant challenge. MPs have been detected in various human organs, but their ability to bypass stomach acid and reach these organs remains unclear. Our study found that water samples from landing sites, such as Mullakadu (6.64 particles L–1) and Punnakayal (8.44 particles L–1), were contaminated with MPs. Furthermore, the fish species Sardinella longiceps (Indian oil sardine) from these sites showed MPs accumulation, with 17.1 particles per gram of fish gut from Mullakadu and 13.7 particles per gram of fish gut from Punnakayal. Various colors of MPs and shapes were identified in both water and fish gut samples, with fragments dominating. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of polymers like polyamide, polyethylene, and polystyrene. The contamination of commercially significant fish species with MPs poses a serious threat to both environmental and human health, necessitating urgent measures to prevent plastic waste disposal into marine ecosystems.
Marine pollution, Sardinella longiceps, Microplastics, Gulf of mannar, FTIR analysis.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Imliakum Ao, Alongba Jamir, Sentirenla Jamir, Damitre Lytan
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1020—1027, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WYJS9359
How to cite this paper:
Ao, I., Jamir, A., Jamir, S., & Lytan, D. (2025). Impact of Pre-harvest Treatments on Physico-chemical Attributes of Organic Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) in Nagaland, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1020–1027. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WYJS9359
The experiment aimed to study the influence of covering materials as pre-harvest treatment so as to improve the post harvest quality of the organic pineapple in Nagaland. The treatments, T1 (Covering with own leaves), T2 (Covering with straw), T3 (Coating with kaolin), T4 (Covering with net), T5 (Covering with cloth) and T6 (Open condition) were applied to enhance post harvest life using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 replications. Among the various pre-harvest treatments, T2 was found to be the best with lowest sunburn, lowest PLW (Physiological loss in weight) and highest fruit size, juice content, TSS, sugar and ascorbic acid content. The treatment T1 showed the highest titratable acidity percentage and the data pertaining to volume of fruit, weight of flesh and weight of core did not show any significant difference. Considering the minimal occurrence of sunburn, reduced physiological weight loss and enhanced post-harvest characteristics observed in organic pineapples, it is reasonable and logical to suggest that utilizing straw coverings after fruit maturation may represent an economical and superior choice.
Organic, Pineapple, Sun-burn, Pre-harvest treatment, Post-harvest quality.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Subom Rai, Susan Subba, Safal Rai, Ujyol Rai, Sangay Golay, Rehum Rai, Mamoni Deori, Anjali Kumari Jha, Sandeep Chettri, Subhamoy Sikder
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1028—1034, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LKSE6025
How to cite this paper:
Rai, S., Subba, S., Rai, S., Rai, U., Golay, S., Rai, R., Deori, M., Jha, A. K., Chettri, S., & Sikder, S. (2025). Chuwa (Phlogacanthus thyriformis Nees): A Non- Conventional Vegetable and Medicinal Plant of Kalimpong Hills. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1028–1034. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LKSE6025
Phlogacanthus thyriformis Nees is a non-conventional vegetable and medicinal plant of the Kalimpong hills of West Bengal and the Northeastern states of India, belonging to the Acanthaceae family. It is mostly found in the moist forest areas. Besides, it is also grown by local communities with minimal care. It holds an enormous amount of medicinal potential, such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-diarrheal and anti-inflammatory and a rich nutritional profile consisting of protein, fats, phosphorus and calcium. Additionally, it plays a significant role in the tradition, culture and well-being of the communities. Despite this, the plant is underexploited, which could lead to a loss of traditional knowledge and genetic resources. Promoting scientific awareness for exploration, cultivation and conservation may result in preserving traditional knowledge, genetic resources and generating income for local communities, ultimately leading to food, nutritional and economic security of the nation.
Phlogacanthus thyriformis, Non-conventional vegetable, Traditional knowledge, Cultivation, Economic security.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Role of Growing Media on Seedling Vigor of Tomato
Afreen Parween, Shirin Akhtar, Raj Bhawan Verma, Anupam Das
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1035—1040, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HEMO9392
How to cite this paper:
Parween, A., Akhtar, S., Verma, R. B., & Das, A. (2025). Role of Growing Media on Seedling Vigor of Tomato. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1035–1040. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HEMO9392
Robust seedlings are the most important inputs for getting a good crop with high yield and quality. Tomato seedlings raised in plugtrays are considered better than those raised in conventional nursery, but the media on which they are raised determine the seedling vigor and quality. Therefore, the effect of various media, viz., sand, soil, vermicompost and cocopeat and their combinations in different ratio (volume/volume) on the seedlings of tomato variety Kashi Vishesh raised in plugtrays was studied. Germination percent, shoot length, root length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight and seedling vigor index-I and seedling vigor index-II were highest when seeds were sown in the media consisting of sand+ vermicompost+cocopeat at 1:1:1 ratio, whereas days to seedling germination/emergence was least when sown in only sand. T14 (sand+vermicompost+ cocopeat at 1:1:1 ratio) growing media was found to be the best growing medium for seed germination and seedling vigor characteristics and this media could be effectively used for seedling raising in plugtrays.
Tomato, Plugtray nursery, Growing media, Germination, Vigorus seedling.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Heavy Metal Accumulation in Seafood: An Indication of Enhanced Effluent Influx in Aquatic Ecosystems
Sumangala Rao, Ramya Krishna, Nikitha Siddapura Lohithashwa, Kaup Bhasker Shenoy
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1041—1050, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/CCAI5417
How to cite this paper:
Rao, S., Krishna, R., Lohithashwa, N. S., & Shenoy, K. B. (2025). Heavy Metal Accumulation in Seafood: An Indication of Enhanced Effluent Influx in Aquatic Ecosystems. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1041–1050. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/CCAI5417
Trace amounts of heavy metals such as iron, copper, zinc, and manganese are essential for physiological processes in living organisms, but excessive levels can pose serious health risks. This study investigated the accumulation of heavy metals—lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd)—in five crab species and edible portions of bivalves collected from Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts. Crab samples (three individuals per site) were obtained from fishermen across ten locations, while bivalves were sourced from local fish markets. Heavy metal concentrations in tissues were quantified using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Results revealed that copper exhibited the highest concentration (4.54 ppm) in crabs, whereas cadmium showed the lowest (0.01 ppm) in clams. The overall order of accumulation was Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. Notably, Cr levels in Portunus sanguinolentus from Malpe Beach (0.5336 ppm) exceeded permissible limits, while maximum copper concentrations occurred in Charybdis lucifera from Someshwara Beach. For bivalves, lead contamination was widespread, with the highest levels observed in Souparnika River (0.135 ppm). Alarmingly, cadmium levels in clams from the Nethravathi River, Mangalore (0.605 ppm), surpassed safety thresholds. These findings indicate significant bioaccumulation of toxic metals in edible marine species, raising concerns for seafood safety, public health, and the region’s fishery economy. Crabs, while affected, show variable accumulation across species, whereas bivalves consistently reflect elevated pollution loads. Thus, bivalves can be considered reliable bioindicators of coastal heavy metal contamination, providing an effective tool for monitoring and managing marine environmental health.
Heavy metals, Crabs, Bivalves, Bioaccumulation, Bioindicators.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Impact of Pollination Modes on Size and Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.)
Parshotam Singh Tyagi, Shalu Vyas, Shubhkirandeep Kaur, Vikrant Jaryan
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1051—1058, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JZFK9299
How to cite this paper:
Tyagi, P. S., Vyas, S., Kaur, S., & Jaryan, V. (2025). Impact of Pollination Modes on Size and Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.). Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1051–1058. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JZFK9299
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) stands as one of the most popular and widely consumed berries globally, celebrated for its exceptional flavor and nutritional benefits. As a member of the Rosaceae family, strawberries are abundant in vitamins, antioxidants, and dietary fibers. The increasing global demand for strawberries has instigated comprehensive research regarding their cultivation practices. Pollination is a vital determinant that significantly influences both the size and quality of strawberry fruits. A thorough understanding of the various pollination modes is essential for optimizing strawberry production. The present study systematically investigates the impact of different pollination methods on the size and quality of strawberries. The field experiment was conducted at Horticulture farm of Sant Baba Bhag Singh University and laboratory work was done in Horticulture lab of the University. We evaluated the impact of self, natural, wind, and artificial pollination techniques on fruit development, evaluating key parameters such as weight of fruit, size, and number of achenes, yield, TSS, Titrable acidity and pH. Our findings indicate significant variations in both size and quality attributes associated with the mode of pollination employed. Specifically, the natural pollination strategy—wherein insects play a pivotal role—demonstrated superior fruit weight and enhanced sensory characteristics when compared to self-pollination and wind pollination. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of cross-pollination combined with induced pollination emerged as the most advantageous approach for strawberry cultivators, yielding good results in terms of fruit quality and production. The results of the research work highlight the critical importance of pollination strategies in strawberry cultivation and suggest that optimizing these methods could facilitate improved fruit yields and heightened consumer satisfaction.
Fragaria×ananassa Duch., Aggregate fruit, Manual pollination, Synergistic effect, Achenes.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
D. Nongmaithem, Naveen Khoisnam, Eshonthung Ngullie, Ashik Kumar Meena, Karan Gadekar, Rekha Yadav, Lanunola Tzudir, Jurisandhya Bordoloi
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1059—1063, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ERUG7324
How to cite this paper:
Nongmaithem, D., Khoisnam, N., Ngullie, E., Meena, A. K., Gadekar, K., Yadav, R., Tzudir, L., & Bordoloi, J. (2025). Effect of Tembotrione Herbicide on Weed Persistence, Crop Resistance and its Effects on Maize (Zea mays L.). Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1059–1063. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ERUG7324
A field experiment was conducted at School of Agricultural Sciences (SAS), Nagaland University, Medziphema campus, Nagaland, during the kharif season of 2023 and 2024 to study the effect of tembotrione herbicide on weed persistence, crop resistance and its effects on maize. The experiment was conducted in Randomized block design and comprised of ten treatments viz., T1– Weedy check, T2– Hand weeding at 20 & 40 DAS, T3 – Tembotrione 100g ha-1 at 15 DAS, T4– Tembotrione 125g ha-1 at 15 DAS, T5 – Tembotrione 150g ha-1 at 15 DAS, T6 – Tembotrione 100g ha-1 at 30 DAS, T7 – Tembotrione 125g ha-1 at 30 DAS, T8 – Tembotrione 125g ha–1 at 30 DAS, T9 – Atrazine 750g ha-1 at 2 DAS and T10 – 2,4-D Na 800 g ha-1 at 20 DAS. Surfactant 20 (polyoxy‐ethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate) was used at the rate of 5ml/liter of water. Results of the experiment revealed that Tembotrione 150g ha-1 at 30 DAS resulted in the lowest weed persistence and highest crop resistance. The maximum decrease in weed population and weed dry matter was observed in the same treatment resulting in maximum weed control efficiency. The highest fresh weight of cobs and kernel yield cob-1 were observed in Tembotrione 150g ha-1 at 30 DAS resulting in highest yield of maize and also the benefit cost ratio. It can be concluded that application of Tembotrione 150g ha-1 at 30 DAS is recommended since it resulted in maximum control of weeds and highest crop resistance and the lowest weed persistence and ultimately resulted in maximum profit.
Crop resistance index, Hand weeding, Maize, Tembotrione, Weed persistence index.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Akanksha Tiwari, Vijay Laxmi Rai, Renu Gangwar, D. K. Singh, Prakash Yadav, Vimlesh Kumar
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1064—1071, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UIKI4889
How to cite this paper:
Tiwari, A., Rai, V. L., Gangwar, R., Singh, D. K., Yadav, P., & Kumar, V. (2025). Trait Interrelationships and Causal Pathways for Seed Yield in Moong Bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) under Azamgarh Agro-Climatic Conditions of Uttar Pradesh, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1064–1071. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UIKI4889
The experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Azamgarh during the summer of 2025 to investigate the genetic associations among various agronomic traits in moong crop (Vigna radiata) through correlation and path coefficient analysis. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients were estimated for key traits including days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, biological yield per plant, harvest index, and seed yield per plant. The results revealed that seed yield per plant had significant positive correlations with number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, and number of seeds per pod at both phenotypic and genotypic levels, indicating these as primary yield-contributing traits. Biological yield and harvest index also showed moderate positive associations with seed yield, path coefficient analysis, based on Dewey and Lu’s method and interpreted with OPSTAT software significance levels, decomposed these correlations into direct and indirect effects on seed yield. Number of seeds per plant exhibited the highest direct positive effect on seed yield, followed by biological yield and harvest index, confirming their critical impact. Interestingly, number of pods per plant showed a negative direct effect but a strong positive indirect effect mediated mainly through seed number traits. Flowering and maturity traits showed predominantly low direct effects but contributed indirectly, suggesting their role in crop phenology rather than direct yield enhancement. These findings align well with previously reported studies, validating the importance of selecting for pods per plant, seeds per plant, biological yield, and harvest index to improve moong seed yield. This integrated analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of trait interactions and offers valuable guidance for effective breeding strategies aimed at enhancing moong productivity under the agro-climatic conditions of Azamgarh.
Moong crop, Correlation coefficient, Path coefficient analysis, Seed yield, Genetic association, Breeding.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Kouamé Christophe Koffi, Elie Bandama Bogui, Kouakou Hilaire Bohoussou
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1072—1084, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LILY1647
How to cite this paper:
Koffi, K. C., Bogui, E. B., & Bohoussou, K. H. (2025). Ecological Structuring and Diversity of Crop Raider Communities in the Buffer Zone of Mont Sangbé National Park, Western Côte d’Ivoire. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1072–1084. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LILY1647
Interactions between wildlife and agricultural systems represent a major challenge in the peripheral zones of protected areas. The Mont Sangbé National Park, located in Western Côte d’Ivoire, exemplifies this issue due to the high frequency of wildlife crop depredation affecting both subsistence and commercial farming. This study aims to characterize the composition, diversity, and structure of crop raider communities in this area, to identify dominant crop raider species and the most vulnerable crops. The survey was conducted among 120 farming households across three villages surrounding Mont Sangbé National Park. Data were collected between February and April 2022 through semi-structured interviews, direct observations and consultations with OIPR agents. Analyses focused on relative frequency, species richness, diversity indices and multivariate structuring. Results reveal a predominance of Erythrocebus patas and Thryonomys swinderianus, which together account for over one-third of the reported damage. Perennial and tuber crops exhibited high crop raider species richness, whereas a small number of crop raider species dominated short-cycle crops. Hill numbers and dominance indices confirmed these imbalances. Multivariate analyses revealed a coherent structuring of crop raider communities according to crop typology, with distinct functional groupings. These findings highlight the importance of differentiated agroecological management approaches tailored to the ecological specificities of both crops and crop-raider species.
Ecological structuring, Crop raider species diversity, Human–wildlife conflict, Multivariate analysis, Protected area buffer zones.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Kisan Rymbai, Hijam Shila Devi, Tinatoly Sema, Pankaj Neog, Banik Susanta, W. Ramdas Singh
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1085—1089, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QZVM4305
How to cite this paper:
Rymbai, K., Devi, H. S., Sema, T., Neog, P., Susanta, B., & Singh, W. R. (2025). Efficacy of Different Insecticides against Apion clavipes of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in Nagaland, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1085–1089. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QZVM4305
The experiment on different insecticides was conducted against Apion clavipes. Eight treatments viz. Lambda Cyhalothrin 5 EC, Profenophos 50 EC, Fenvalerate 20 EC, Fipronil 80 WG, Thiamethoxam 25 WG, Spinosad 45 SC, Indoxocarb 15.8 SC and Cypermethrin 25 EC on variety PAU-881 were imposed using RBD with three replications. Eleven insect pests were reported with Apion clavipes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as one of the most destructive insect pests. The population of A. clavipes started to appear during the mid-October i.e. 42nd SMW with a mean population of 0.60 weevil/plant. The population gradually started to increase reaching its highest peak during the mid-November i.e. 46th SMW with a mean population of 4.40 weevil/plant and its second peak observed during the first week of November (45th SMW) with a mean population of 4.20 weevil/plant. Correlation studies indicated that A. clavipes had a significant positive correlation to maximum relative humidity but non-significant to maximum and minimum temperature, minimum relative humidity and rainfall. Results revealed that the different treatments were significantly superior to the untreated control plots. The highest per cent reduction was found in Cypermethrin 25 EC (74.95%) treated plots followed by Fipronil 80 WG (72.25%) and Fenvalerate 20 EC (70.41%). The lowest pod and grain damage was obtained in Cypermethrin 25 EC treated plots. Amongst all the treatments, the highest benefit cost ratio was attained by Cypermethrin 25 EC (1.85:1).
Apion clavipes, Efficacy, Insecticides, Pigeonpea.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Bhoopendra Singh Raghav, Arpita Gaurav Rastogi
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1090—1098, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XJSK4902
How to cite this paper:
Raghav, B. S., & Rastogi, A. G. (2025). Status of Groundwater Table in Haryana State of India and its Implications for Sustainability of Agriculture. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1090–1098. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XJSK4902
The rapid depletion of groundwater in Haryana, driven by intensive agricultural practices and over-reliance on irrigation, poses a significant threat to the state’s agrarian economy. This study examines the correlation between multiple cropping patterns and groundwater depletion, highlighting how the rice-wheat cropping system has exacerbated water stress. Analysis of district-wise data reveals that over 44% of the total cropped area is cultivated more than once annually, leading to excessive groundwater extraction. The study further links these findings with a historical decline in the water table between 1990 and 2020, demonstrating the unsustainability of current agricultural practices. The environmental consequences include soil degradation, loss of biodiversity, and increased risks of desertification, while the social implications involve rising irrigation costs and economic distress for farmers. Urgent policy interventions promoting crop diversification, water-efficient irrigation technologies, and groundwater recharge initiatives are essential for ensuring long-term agricultural sustainability in Haryana.
Groundwater depletion, Haryana, Multiple cropping, Sustainable agriculture, Water-intensive crops.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Individual and Joint Weather Assessment on Rice Crop for Ayodhya District of Uttar Pradesh, India
Babu Lal, Vishal Mehta, K. K. Pandey, K. K. Mourya, Gyan Prakash
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1099—1110, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YDQV8583
How to cite this paper:
Lal, B., Mehta, V., Pandey, K. K., Mourya, K. K., & Prakash, G. (2025). Individual and Joint Weather Assessment on Rice Crop for Ayodhya District of Uttar Pradesh, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1099–1110. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YDQV8583
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the principal staple crop of Uttar Pradesh, covering nearly 36.5% of the state’s total area of the crop. This study was taken under the Ayodhya district to develop pre-harvest forecasting models for rice yield. Utilizing 38 years (1986–2023) of time-series yield data and weekly weather parameters (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall, and sunshine) from the growing period, weather indices and interaction terms were generated using correlation-based methods. Stepwise multiple regression was employed to evaluate individual and joint effects, including a time trend (T) to account for technological progress. Results revealed that rainfall was the most influential individual factor (R- square = 68.28%), followed by maximum temperature (66.01%), sunshine (61.40%), and minimum temperature (59.88%). Analysis of joint effects showed that combinations of variables explained even more variation, with the model combining maximum temperature and sunshine performing best (R-square = 76.99%). The time trend (T) was consistently positive and highly significant across all models. The study concludes that integrating generated weather indices with regression modeling provides a robust framework for pre-harvest rice yield forecasting, supporting effective agricultural planning and risk management.
Ayodhya district, Rice crop, Statistical analysis, Step wise regression, Weather variables.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Towards Intelligent Forestry: Big Data, Machine Learning, and Sustainable Management Strategies
Romeet Saha
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1111—1121, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/VNAH8770
How to cite this paper:
Saha, R. (2025). Towards Intelligent Forestry: Big Data, Machine Learning, and Sustainable Management Strategies. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1111–1121. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/VNAH8770
Data-driven, precision forest management exemplifies a shift from traditional practices to big-data analytics, which leverages advanced computational technologies while addressing complex environmental challenges. Research has shown how big data analytics has become an important enabler for sustainable forest management and provides unprecedented opportunities for monitoring, analysis, and decision-making at every step. Remote sensing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, machine learning algorithms, cloud computing platforms, and block chain systems are some of the key technologies being deployed in this market. Results indicate an increase of the accuracy of forest classification applications to 85-98% with significant improvement in operation efficiency and cost reduction. However, the data integration problems, system interoperability, technical ability, and economic accessibility still exist. This review provides a comprehensive framework for the transformation potential that big data analytics can add to the solution of contemporary challenges in forestry, including minimizing climate change adaptation, biodiversity conservation, sustainable resource utilization, and supply chain transparency.
Big data analytics, Smart forestry, Machine learning, Remote sensing, IoT, Blockchain, Precision forestry, Forest management.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Shri Kant Tripathi
Environment and Ecology 43 (4) : 1122, October—December 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ETVW3302
How to cite this paper:
Tripathi, S. K. (2025). BOOK REVIEW: Vishwambhar Prasad Sati: Farming Systems and Sustainable Agriculture in the Himalaya, Springer Nature, Switzerland AG 2024, Pages: XXIV, 145. ISBN: 978-3-031-64687-4. Environment and Ecology, 43(4), 1122. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ETVW3302
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International