Volume 43 (3A) 2025
Study of Genetic Diversity for Rice Genotypes under Aerobic Condition
Susmita Dey, K. R. Battan, A. K. Chhabra, Rakesh Kumar, A. Lokeshwar Reddy
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 749—753, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FCXR1131
How to cite this paper:
Dey, S., Battan, K. R., Chhabra, A. K., Kumar, R., & Reddy, A. L. (2025). Study of Genetic Diversity for Rice Genotypes under Aerobic Condition. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 749–753. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FCXR1131
An experiment was conducted to study genetic diversity in rice genotypes under aerobic condition using of D2 statistic by Tocher method. The Thirty (30) rice genotypes were grouped into seven clusters indicated the presence of wide genetic diversity among them. The grouping of genotypes showed no clear relationship with their geographic origins. Out of 22 different traits, kernel breadth and kernel length were observed to be major contributors to genetic diversity in the rice genotypes. Maximum inter cluster distances were recorded between cluster 4 and cluster 5 followed by cluster 2 and cluster 4, cluster 4 and cluster 7, cluster 3 and 5. Cluster 1 exhibited the highest intra-cluster distance (52.68). In this study, the inter-cluster distances were higher than the intra-cluster distances, which shows the presence of considerable divergence among the genotypes. Genotypes belonging to these clusters can be used for future hybridization program to improve yield potential under aerobic condition.
Rice, Aerobic rice, Genetic diversity, D2 analysis.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 
Nutrimillets as a Potential Source of Health Supplements: A Review
Parshant Sharma, M.K. Rana, Shivani Bakshi, Rekha Kaushik, Sonali Sharma, Shivani Sharma, Abha Thakur, Manas Garg, Shekhar Rana, Shubham
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 754—763, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YTTE7009
How to cite this paper:
Sharma, P., Rana, M. K., Bakshi, S., Kaushik, R., Sharma, S., Sharma, S., Thakur, A., Garg, M., Rana, S., & Shubham. (2025). Nutrimillets as a Potential Source of Health Supplements: A Review. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 754–763. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YTTE7009
Minor millets, often called “orphan crops” or “lost crops,” are small-seeded grains that come from plants in the Poaceae family. Nutricereals are the food products of commercial importance prepared from these small-seeded millets. These nutricereals have a great potential to replace the staple food crops since they are an excellent source of starch, protein, energy, essential fatty acids, minerals, i.e., potassium, calcium, zinc, iron, magnesium and especially sulfur containing amino acids like methionine and cystine, B group vitamins, linoleic acid, tocopherols, phytochemicals and dietary fibers. Small-seeded millet-based fermented food shows high water absorption capacity, dispersibility, flowability and wettability, indicating good reconstitution properties. Nutraceuticals prepared from small-seeded millets have antioxidant properties, preventing health problems such as blood pressure, constipation, cholera, fever, cardiovascular and risk of heart diseases, thyroid, cancer and tumors.
Millets, Health, Antioxidants, Nutraceuticals, Micronutrients.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Rajesh Kumar Agrahari, S. R. Mishra, A. K. Singh, Alok Kumar Singh, Anushka Pandey, A. N. Mishra, Ankur Tripathi, Shubham Pandey
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 764—770, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ERIS7839
How to cite this paper:
Agrahari, R. K., Mishra, S. R., Singh, A. K., Singh, A. K., Pandey, A., Mishra, A. N., Tripathi, A., & Pandey, S. (2025). Yield and Yield Related Attributes of Wheat Cultivars Grown under Different Thermal Regimes and Plant Densities. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 764–770. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ERIS7839
This field study, conducted over two years (2023–24 and 2024–25) at the Student’s Instructional Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya, India, aimed to evaluate the effects of three thermal regimes (T1: 12th Nov, T2: 26th Nov, T3: 10th Dec), three row spacings (S1: 15 cm, S2: 22 cm, S3: 30 cm), and three wheat cultivars (V1: DBW 187, V2: HD 2967, V3: HD 3271) on wheat yield (grain, straw, biological yield, and harvest index) and yield attributes (spike length, number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, test weight, and effective tillers). A factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was employed for the experiment. The findings indicated that the optimal thermal regime (T1) significantly enhanced yield and yield attributes at all stages compared to delayed sowing (T2 and T3), revealing the negative impacts of late sowing and thermal stress. Among the cultivars, V1 consistently demonstrated superior growth and adaptability, yielding the highest values for all traits. Moderate row spacing (S2) was more effective than narrow (S1) and wide (S3) spacings in promoting effective tillers and harvest index. These results highlight the importance of careful selection of sowing time, cultivar, and row spacing for improving wheat productivity under diverse thermal conditions. The study offers valuable insights for developing strategies to build climate-resilient wheat production in subtropical agro-ecosystems.
Wheat, Yield, Yield attributes, Thermal regimes, Row spacing, Cultivars.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Nilim Kalita, Samiran Dutta, Dhruba Jyoti Nath, Bhabesh Gogoi, Kulendra Nath Das
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 771—779, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NFGC8390
How to cite this paper:
Kalita, N., Dutta, S., Nath, D. J., Gogoi, B., & Das, K. N. (2025). Land Use Effects on Soil Biological Properties in the Hill Ecosystems of Assam, Eastern Himalayan Region of India. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 771–779. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NFGC8390
This study investigates the impact of land-use changes on soil microbial properties in the hilly terrain of Karbi Anglong district of Assam, Eastern Himalayan region, India. Specifically, it examines the effects of converting natural forest into various agricultural systems, including jhum cultivation, rubber plantations, rice/maize croplands, home gardens, and bamboo plantations. Forest soils consistently exhibited the highest MBC, MBN, and DHA levels in all three soil depths (0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, and 30–50 cm), followed by home gardens, while rice/maize croplands recorded the lowest values. Conversion of natural forest into other land uses led to a substantial reduction in surface soil MBC (up to 64.59%) and MBN (up to 38.62%), indicating degradation of soil biological quality. Forest and home garden systems, with richer vegetation and organic inputs, promoted higher microbial activity and nutrient cycling, while cultivated lands and monoculture plantations showed reduced microbial indicators. The decline in microbial attributes with increasing soil depth further highlights the influence of organic carbon availability. Overall, the study emphasizes the sensitivity of microbial indicators to land-use changes and their potential as early markers of soil health and fertility.
Land use, Microbial biomass carbon, Microbial biomass nitrogen, Dehydrogenase activity.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Z. W. Sherpa, B. Chakraborty, A. Chakraborty, M. Preema Devi, P. S. Medda, A. K. Sinha, A. Ghosh
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 780—785, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JSUJ1155
How to cite this paper:
Sherpa, Z. W., Chakraborty, B., Chakraborty, A., Devi, M. P., Medda, P. S., Sinha, A. K., & Ghosh, A. (2025). Physico-Chemical Changes of Banana Cultivars under Modified Atmosphere Packaging at Ambient Condition. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 780–785. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JSUJ1155
An experiment was conducted to assess the physico-chemical changes of banana cultivars (Malbhog and Grand Naine) under modified atmosphere packaging at ambient condition. Freshly harvested banana hands with 80.0 % maturity of the cultivars Malbhog and Grand Naine were wrapped with cling film (2.0 % perforation) packaging material. In addition, a sachet made of filter paper containing 2.0 g KMnO4 was also placed inside the cover. The wrapped banana hands were kept in a CFB (Corrugated Fiber Board) boxes at ambient condition (20±2 ˚C and 80-85 % RH). The entire experiment was replicated thrice and the data were analyzed following factorial completely randomized design (FCRD). The results indicated that physiological loss in weight and spoilage percentage were increased as the storage day progressed. The spoilage was more in the cultivar Grand Naine (88.88 %) than Malbhog (10.25%) at tenth day of storage. The maximum TSS, titratable acidity, sugar and ascorbic acid were found to be the highest on sixth and eighth day of ambient storage under modified atmospheric packaging in the banana cultivar Malbhog and Grand Naine, respectively, indicating the optimum edible condition of the respective banana fruits. Overall, all the physico-chemical changes in banana fruits were more in the cultivar Grand Naine than Malbhog.
Banana, Modified atmospheric packaging, Physico-chemical, KMnO4.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Existing Method of Farm Waste Management in Ayodhya District of Uttar Pradesh, India
Chethan R., Poonam Singh, Babita Verma, Piyush Kumar Singh
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 786—794, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GFGM1334
How to cite this paper:
Chethan, R., Singh, P., Verma, B., & Singh, P. K. (2025). Existing Method of Farm Waste Management in Ayodhya District of Uttar Pradesh, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 786–794. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GFGM1334
Agricultural waste management is a critical issue affecting environmental sustainability and rural livelihoods. This study investigates the current practices and awareness levels of farm waste management among farmers in Ayodhya district, Uttar Pradesh. A total of 120 farmers were surveyed using structured interviews and a self-structured questionnaire to collect data on socio-economic factors, waste management practices, and motivational drivers for adopting sustainable methods. Results indicate that 59.17% of respondents are aware of sustainable waste management practices and 95.84% prefer adopting such methods, with 93.33% motivated primarily by economic benefits. While 100% of respondents prefer composting farm waste, 64.17% still rely on burning practices, and 57.5% use landfilling as a disposal method. The study also reveals no utilization of biogas plants among respondents. These findings underscore the need for targeted educational programs, policy interventions, and infrastructure development to promote sustainable and efficient farm waste management in the region, reduce environmental hazards, and support sustainable agricultural development.
Farm waste, Farm waste management, Waste management process, Utilization of waste, Sustainable farm waste.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sanjay Kumar, Komal Gupta, Anand Kumar, P. K. Singh
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 795—801, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GBKD6404
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, S., Gupta, K., Kumar, A., & Singh, P. K. (2025). Genetic Variability and Correlation Studies for Grain Yield and its Component Traits in Desi Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 795–801. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GBKD6404
This study involved 40 genotypes of Desi chickpea to evaluate the extent of genetic variability and the correlations between grain yield and its component traits. The experiment was conducted at Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bhagalpur). The results indicated a high magnitude of genetic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for grain yield per plot, seed index, total effective pods per plant and secondary branches. This suggests that the variability among the genotypes provides significant potential for improving these traits through breeding programs. High heritability, combined with a high genetic advance as a percentage of the mean, was observed for traits such as the seed index, biological yield, grain yield per plot and total effective pods per plant. This indicates that these traits are primarily governed by additive gene effects, making them favorable for selection. Phenotypic correlation analysis revealed that grain yield per plot exhibited a highly significant and positive association with traits such as primary and secondary branches per plant, total pods per plant, total effective pods per plant, biological yield per plant, seed index, grain yield per plant and days to 50% flowering. These positive and significant relationships indicate a true linkage between these traits and grain yield. Therefore, direct selection for these traits is likely to be highly effective in improving grain yield.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), Genotypes, Genetic variability, Correlation analysis.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Aniket Rai, Mahendra Singh, Anand Singh, Abhinandan Singh, Anjaly Yadav, Priyanka Kumari
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 802—811, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RINM1262
How to cite this paper:
Rai, A., Singh, M., Singh, A., Singh, A., Yadav, A., & Kumari, P. (2025). Plant Growth, Nodulation, Soil Biological Properties, Nutrient Content, Uptake and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) as Influenced with Co-Inoculation of Rhizobium bengladensis and Pseudomonas sp. under Low Phosphorus Soil. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 802–811. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RINM1262
The study aimed to examine the inoculation of Rhizobium bengladensis and Pseudomonas sp. on the nodulation, growth, enzymatic activity, phosphorus uptake and yield of black gram in P deficient soil. The experimental findings revealed that the combined inoculation of Rhizobium bengladensis @ 10 ml kg-1 seed+Pseudomonas sp. @ 10 ml kg-1 seed+75% NP +100% K yielded the highest nodulation (42), plant height (43 cm plant-1), available N (154.96 kg ha-1), available P (16.77 kg ha-1), available K (278.20 kg ha-1). This treatment was also found statistically (p≤0.05) at par with the application of Pseudomonas sp. @ 10 ml kg-1 seed+ 75% P+100% NK for root nodulation, plant height, available NPK. As for grain and straw, the nutrient content showed non-significant effects for all the treatments while the nutrient uptake was observed to be highest in the treatment including the combined inoculation of Rhizobium bengladensis @ 10 ml kg-1 seed+Pseudomonas sp. @ 10 ml kg-1 seed+75% NP+100% K. The grain yield (11.83 q ha-1), stover yield (26.70 q ha-1) and biological yield (38.53 q ha-1) was found to be highest in the treatment including combined inoculation of Rhizobium bengladensis @ 10 ml kg-1 seed+ Pseudomonas sp. @ 10 ml kg-1 seed+75% NP+100% K. Hence, these inoculants can be recommended to increase the yield of black gram while mitigating the effect of P deficiency in low P soil.
Phosphorus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Nodulation, Nutrient uptake.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sanjib Brahma, Phami Brahma
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 812—818, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/VPYM9004
How to cite this paper:
Brahma, S., & Brahma, P. (2025). Antifungal Properties of Selected Medicinal Plants used by Bodo Tribes of Kokrajhar, BTR, Assam, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 812–818. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/VPYM9004
The Kokrajhar district of BTR, Assam is the home of many ethnic forest dwellers. The Bodos are the major tribe of this region who live in close proximity to the forest. Since time immemorial Bodos used different medicinal plant to cure different ailments. Though numbers of plant species are used in traditional way but scientific study of many of them is not done yet in this region. Viewing this limitation an attempt has made to find out the antimicrobial properties of selected three numbers of commonly used plant species viz. Andrographis paniculata, Moringa oleifera and Psidium guajava. Antifungal activity of three selected plant species against Aspergillus sp. of onion was studied. Extract of compounds from studied plant species was done by using three different solvents viz. distilled water, ethanol and acetone. The antifungal activity of various plant extracts was screened against the test organism using Agar Well Diffusion Method. During study it was found that all the three numbers of investigated plant species have more or less antimicrobial efficacy. The ZOI (Zone of Inhibition) in aqueous extract found in studied plant species were 12 mm in A. paniculata, 10 mm in M. oleifera and P. guajava have 13mm . In ethanol extract A. paniculata 12 mm, M. oleifera 10 mm and P. guajava 14 mm was found. In acetone extract the ZOI was A. paniculata 8 mm, M. oleifera 9 mm and P. guajava 10mm. Out of three studied plant species the ethanol extract of Psidium guajava shows the highest ZOI of 14 mm against the test microorganism.
Antifungal, Medicinal plant, Andrographis paniculata, Moringa oleifera, Psidium guajava, Bodo tribe, Kokrajhar.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Satwant Yadav, Pradip Kumar, Manoj Kumar Maurya, Ram Surat Sharma, Sweta Sahu, Ankita Bharti
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 819—826, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RGLB4410
How to cite this paper:
Yadav, S., Kumar, P., Maurya, M. K., Sharma, R. S., Sahu, S., & Bharti, A. (2025). In- vitro Efficacy of Fungi-Toxicants against Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Zingiberi Causing Rhizome Rot of Ginger. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 819–826. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RGLB4410
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc L.), a vital rhizomatous spice crop, is extensively cultivated for its culinary, medicinal and industrial uses. However, its productivity is severely hampered by rhizome rot, a major disease complex predominantly caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of tested fungicides and a bio-agent under in vitro conditions for controlling these pathogens. Isolates of both the pathogens were obtained from diseased ginger rhizomes collected at ANDUAT, Ayodhya. Four chemical fungicides such as Azoxystrobin, Propiconazole, Copper Oxychloride and Metalaxyl—along with the bio-agent Trichoderma harzianum, were tested at concentrations of 500, 1000 and 2000 µg/ml. Results revealed that Metalaxyl was most effective against Pythium aphanidermatum, achieving 100% mycelial growth inhibition at 1000 and 2000 µg/ml. Against Fusarium oxysporum, Propiconazole showed superior efficacy, also achieving complete inhibition at 2000 µg/ml. The findings suggest that Metalaxyl and Propiconazole hold strong potential for managing ginger rhizome rot, warranting further validation under field conditions.
Efficacy, Fungi-toxicants, Ginger, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizome rot.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Hapemo Ngullie K., Manoj Dutta, Sewak Ram, Y. K. Sharma, Lanunola Tzudir, Alongba Jamir
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 827—835, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WEVG2444
How to cite this paper:
Ngullie K., H., Dutta, M., Ram, S., Sharma, Y. K., Tzudir, L., & Jamir, A. (2025). Tillage and Green Manuring Effects on Nutrient Composition, Uptake and Yield Components of Maize (Zea mays L.). Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 827–835. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WEVG2444
Soil and water conservation is vital for sustainable development of farming systems especially in India, where a large proportion of the population depends directly on agriculture for their livelihood. Ensuring the future of farming requires placing the highest importance on conservation. Formulating and implementing effective conservation strategies is fundamental to securing the future of farming through the adoption of resilient and resource-efficient agricultural practices. In line with this goal, a two-year study was undertaken during the kharif seasons of 2022 and 2023 on the topic, tillage and green manuring effects on nutrient composition, uptake and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.). The findings from the two-year investigation presented that minimum tillage (MT) significantly enhanced nutrient accumulation (N, P and K). In relation to conventional tillage (CT), MT increased N, P and K content in seed by 1.37%, 4.34% and 4.65%, respectively and N and P content in stover by 1.61% and 5.55%. Seed and stover yield also improved slightly under MT by 0.16% and 0.29%, respectively. Furthermore, MT elevated N and P uptake in seed by 1.55% and 1.77%. The interactive effect of TMG6 i.e. Minimum tillage with green manuring through Dhaincha 2 tonnes + Cowpea 2 tonnes @ 4 tonnes ha–1, demonstrated the highest effectiveness among all treatment combination, significantly boosting nutrient concentration, uptake, and yield. TMG6 increased N and P content in seed by 24% and 28.57%, and in stover by 18.58% and 60%, respectively, compared to TCG0. Similarly, N and P uptake in seed rose by 31.91% and 33.95%, and in stover by 25.26% and 69.70% respectively. Another promising treatment, TMG2 (MT + Dhaincha @ 4 t ha⁻¹), led to marked improvements in K content and uptake.
Nutrient, NPK, Dhaincha, Cowpea, Manuring.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Khikeya Semy, Nasenkundang, M. Romeo Singh, Khushal Nilkanth Pathade, N. Chingpai Konyak, Purabi Borah, Wati lemla, Mautushi Das
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 836—846, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YOEL8948
How to cite this paper:
Semy, K., Nasenkundang, Singh, M. R., Pathade, K. N., Konyak, N. C., Borah, P., Lemla, W., & Das, M. (2025). Investigating Algal Composition and its Ecology during Winter in Streams of Nagaland, North-Eastern India. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 836–846. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YOEL8948
The present study was conducted in streams of Lumami, Zunheboto district, Nagaland to explore the types of algae prevalent in the waterbodies. This research aims at measuring a geographical area to invent the algal resources during the winter season. Three zones i.e. upstream, midstream and downstream were divided where samples comprising different species from several spots were collected. A total of 58 algal taxa representing 10 families were identified with the maximum number of taxa recorded in class Bacillariophyceae while the most dominant algae found in the streams are the Navicula sp. and Luticola sp. which is also known as golden brown protists. As per the analysis the algae prefer low intensity of light and temperature with high DO. Further study on algae needs to be explored for the remaining seasons; this will enrich the biodiversity status and impart knowledge on the algal habitats in this region.
Lumami, Streams, Phycology, Physicochemical parameters.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Diversity of Useful Wild Plants of Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jaipur, India
Anushka Choudhary, Shilpi Rijhwani, Reenu Agarwal
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 847—855, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LELI4561
How to cite this paper:
Choudhary, A., Rijhwani, S., & Agarwal, R. (2025). Diversity of Useful Wild Plants of Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jaipur, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 847–855. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LELI4561
A floristic survey of useful wild plants occurring in the vicinity of Nahargarh wildlife sanctuary was conducted during the year 2022- 2024. The information on uses of plants is based on the direct interviews with the local peoples. Pre-structured questionnaires were used to gather the information from each respondent. The questionnaire covers the socio-economic background of the responder and it also includes questions about wild plants resources that were taken from the nearby forests for use in households. The plants reported from the study region are used for variety of purposes such as food, fuel wood, fodder, medicine and timber. The study area contains 80 wild plant species, belonging to 35 families and 71 genera. The dominant families are Fabaceae (13), Asteraceae (9), Amaranthaceae (4), and Euphorbiaceae (4). The study area contains the following life forms tree (26), shrub (16), herb (33), climber (3) and creeper (2). The present study highlights the useful information about the uses of wild plants by the local communities of the study area.
Diversity, Wild plants, Nahargarh wildlife sanctuary, Local communities.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Pratishruti Sahoo, Anurag Kumar, Nihar Ranjan Chakraborty
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 856—869, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LXSW8867
How to cite this paper:
Sahoo, P., Kumar, A., & Chakraborty, N. R. (2025). Genetic Variability, Character Association and Divergence Studies in Advance Generation Aromatic Rice. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 856–869. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LXSW8867
Gangetic old alluvial zone in India has conserved many locally adapted aromatic rice landraces. In order to determine the extent of genetic divergence of twelve morphological characters, the study was conducted to examine thirty-five aromatic rice genotypes in kharif season of 2024-25 at the agriculture farm of Palli-Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, Birbhum, West Bengal, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. A considerable degree of variation was noted for all the traits being investigated. Based on mean performance of 35 genotypes MED × Basmati and Baskota ×Gopalbhog crosses seem promising and its selection will be effective. Test weight and no. of spikelet/ panicle showed good GCV values in conjugation with heritability and genetic advance. From correlation coefficient analysis it was found that characters like plant height, flag leaf length, panicle length, no. of primary branches/ panicle, no. of secondary branches/ panicle, no. of spikelet/ panicle, spikelet fertility percentage and test weight showed positive and significant correlation with yield. Based on D2 analysis values, all the genotypes were grouped into eight clusters in which cluster V had the largest intra cluster distance and cluster V & VIII had the largest inter cluster distance. Among the several genotypes of aromatic rice, the study assisted in identifying the superior germplasm that could be used as parents for subsequent breeding with desired traits.
Aromatic rice, Genetic divergence, Correlation coefficient analysis, Cluster analysis, Cluster distance
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Cytotoxicity Assessment of Chlorpyrifos and Azadirachtin through Allium cepa Assay
Parshotam Singh Tyagi, Shalu Vyas
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 870—877, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SPFH4223
How to cite this paper:
Tyagi, P. S., & Vyas, S. (2025). Cytotoxicity Assessment of Chlorpyrifos and Azadirachtin through Allium cepa Assay. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 870–877. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SPFH4223
It is known fact that while pesticides can effectively protect crops from pests, they often come with significant drawbacks, including harm to the environment, soil health, and overall ecosystem balance. Organophosphates represent a class of highly toxic pesticides that pose significant risks to flora, fauna, beneficial insects, and agricultural workers. Among these, Chlorpyrifos – marketed under the trade name Kemtrek is one of the extensively utilized organophosphate within agricultural practices and food production. In contrast, Azadirachtin, derived from the Neem plant, is frequently employed as a robust pesticide for crop protection. The present study is aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of both Chlorpyrifos and Azadirachtin at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.0%. The experimental design involved applying pesticide treatments during both the seed germination phase and the flowering stage. Cytotoxicity was assessed during early seedling development by measuring seed germination rates, radicle length, seedling survival rates, and the mitotic index. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by microscopic examination of meiotic cells obtained from aceto-carmine squashes of anthers collected from young floral buds. The basic purpose of the research was to evaluate the ill effects of selective pesticides- one organic and one inorganic, on cytological level and at early growth and development of the seedlings. Results demonstrated that both pesticides exhibited cytotoxic properties; however, the toxicity associated with Azadirachtin, as a natural pesticide, was found to be minimal. Conversely, Kemtrek (Chlorpyrifos) significantly impeded seed germination, reduced primary root length, diminished seedling survival, and decreased the mitotic index across all tested concentrations. A general trend of increasing toxicity was noted with rising concentrations. A similar pattern was observed in the analysis of meiotic cells, where Chlorpyrifos induced a range of chromosomal abnormalities that escalated with higher concentrations. Frequently observed chromosomal aberrations included chromosomal stickiness, chromosome fragmentation, univalents and trivalents, anaphase and telophase bridges, unequal second meiotic divisions, and lagging chromosomes. The findings of this research suggest that farmers ought to refrain from utilizing chemical pesticides in order to preserve the environment and mitigate potential genetic harm to their crops. Instead, they should prioritize the application of organic pesticides, such as neem oil, to effectively safeguard their crops from pest infestations.
Chlorpyrifos, Trivalents, Lagging chromosomes, Aceto-carmine squash, Assay, Chromosomal stickiness
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Reproductive Fitness and Feeding Preference of Rhyzopertha dominica in Different Major Cereals
Subhash Chander, Pankaj Neog, Biplove Bala, Gajanand Chhimpa, Gursevak Singh
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 878—883, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LVNP4027
How to cite this paper:
Chander, S., Neog, P., Bala, B., Chhimpa, G., & Singh, G. (2025). Reproductive Fitness and Feeding Preference of Rhyzopertha dominica in Different Major Cereals. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 878–883. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LVNP4027
A laboratory experiment was carried out in the Department of Entomology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagaland University, Medziphema, Nagaland in order, to estimate the reproductive fitness and feeding preference on selected stored cereal grain due to lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica). Wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, finger millet and barley were used in experiment. The assessed parameters were ovipositional preference (in both choice and no-choice test) and feeding preference. The results revealed that wheat was the most preferred host grain in ovipositional preference with 75.50 and 23.75 eggs laid in no choice and choice test respectively, and was followed by rice, sorghum, barley, maize and finger millet. Similarly, wheat was also most preferred in comparative storage losses with 41.25% grain damage and 20.95% weight loss, and was followed by rice, barley, maize, finger millet and sorghum after 90 days of storage.
Lesser grain borer, Ovipositional preference, Feeding preference, Wheat.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Gaurav Mahajan, R. C. Sharma
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 884—887, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RGLB4410
How to cite this paper:
Mahajan, G., & Sharma, R. C. (2025). Increasing the Productivity and Profitability of Pusa Jawahar Hybrid Maize-1 (PJHM-1) among the Tribal Farmers through Frontline Demonstrations. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 884–887. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RGLB4410
The purpose of these Front Line Demonstration’s (FLD) was to know the yield gaps, technology gap, extension gap and the technology index by collecting of front line demonstration’s and farmers field yields data and to find out the reasons for low yield and specific constraints with the small farmers. Based on the study it was observed that in FLDs, Pusa Jawahar Hybrid Maize-1 recorded average grain yield (63.16 q/ha) and an increase in grain yield to the tune of 50% was observed over farmers practice. Relatively, increase in Total returns, Net profit and C:B ratio was observed over local variety. High technology gap (3.17) and extension gap (21.14) was observed as compared to farmers practices.
Demonstration, Economics, Gap analysis, Technology gap, Technology index.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Deepa V., Vishal Mehta, Abhishek Pal
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 888—904, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WEVG2444
How to cite this paper:
Deepa, V., Mehta, V., & Pal, A. (2025). Advanced Time Series Forecasting of Turmeric Production using ARIMA Modelling: An Empirical Analysis in Selected Southern States of India. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 888–904. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WEVG2444
Turmeric, an important part of India’s agricultural heritage, significantly contributes to its export economy. Southern states are the main hubs of turmeric cultivation. This study analyzes 43 years (1980-2022) of data from the Indiastat database to examine trends in area, production and yield across Southern India. ARIMA models were utilized to forecast turmeric production trends across the Southern states of India, with model selection guided by minimizing the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and the number of residual spikes exceeding the confidence interval. For Andhra Pradesh, the ARIMA (2,1,3) model was identified as the best fit, reflecting fluctuations in production. In Karnataka, ARIMA (1,1,3) provided the most suitable model, while Tamil Nadu and Kerala showed increasing trends best captured by ARIMA (2,1,2) and ARIMA (1,1,1), respectively. This approach ensured that the selected models offered both statistical robustness and reliable forecasting for each state’s production dynamics.
Turmeric, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Autoregressive integrated moving average.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Abhishek Pal, Vishal Mehta, Deepa V.
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 905—914, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YOEL8948
How to cite this paper:
Pal, A., Mehta, V., & Deepa, V. (2025). Analysis of Trends, Decomposition, Growth, and Instability in Maize Production of Uttar Pradesh. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 905–914. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YOEL8948
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a globally cultivated cereal crop grown for diverse purposes, including human consumption, livestock feed, and various industrial applications. It thrives in warm regions with proper drainage and adequate rainfall. In India, it primarily thrives in regions like Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh cultivates maize in the rabi, kharif, and Zaid seasons, primarily as a kharif crop, even though it is grown throughout the state. The time series data on maize area, production, and yield, spanning the years 1950-51 to 2022-23, were sourced from the Indiastat website. The study examines this dataset using measures such as the coefficient of variation, instability index, and growth rate. Growth rates were calculated using the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) method, while the coefficient of variation and the Cuddy Della Valle Index were applied to assess instability in the data. The maize growth rates throughout the study duration are categorized into four sub-periods: Period-I (1950-1973), Period-II (1974-1997), Period-III (1998-2022), and the Overall Period (1950-2022). Trend values were estimated using established statistical linear and nonlinear regression models, including the linear, logarithmic model, quintic model, power model, exponential model, quadratic model, and cubic model. Furthermore, the accuracy of various fitted models was evaluated using statistical measures such as the coefficient of determination (R²), adjusted R², root mean square error (RMSE), and relative mean absolute percentage error (RMAPE). According to these statistical measures, specifically R², adjusted R², RMSE and RMAPE, the cubic model represents the optimal fit for maize’s area, production, and yield in Uttar Pradesh. Analysis of maize decomposition reveals that the area effect of maize was the primary factor driving the rise in maize production in Uttar Pradesh.
Compound annual growth rates, Decomposition, Instability index, Maize, Statistical modeling, Uttar Pradesh.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Deepti Pandey, Sanjeev Kumar, Dhananjay Kumar, Vertika Shukla, Anis, Kamla Pat Raw, Narendra Kumar
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 915—926, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LELI4561
How to cite this paper:
Pandey, D., Kumar, S., Kumar, D., Shukla, V., Anis, Raw, K. P., & Kumar, N. (2025). Hydro-Geo-Chemistry, Phytodiversity and Microbial Population in the Inland Water Bodies of the Subtropical City. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 915–926. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LELI4561
Inland waters are a key component in nutrient recycling and primary productivity; however, it is experiencing stress due to urbanization and inadvertent inflow of sewage, altering their bio-geo-chemical composition. This study assessed the health of 19 inland water bodies in a subtropical city using an interdisciplinary bio-chemical approach. Physico-chemical variables, viz. TDS, EC, pH, alkalinity, total hardness, major cations (Ca2+, Na+, K+), and anions (HCO3-, Cl-, PO43-, SO42-) exceeded the BIS-prescribed limit for surface water. Macrophyte diversity serves as bioassay for assessing the cumulative impact of both known and unknown chemicals, while microbial diversity acts as an indicator of sewage discharge and pathogens. Abundance (%) of macrophytes was found in order of Pistias tratiotes (84.21%) >Lemna minor (78.94%) >Azolla pinnata (73.68%)>Eichhornia crassipes (73.68%) >Marsilea quadrifolia (52.63%) >Ipomoeaaquatica (47.37%) > Hydrilla verticilata (31.57%), and reflects the state of eutrophication and ageing. The presence of E. coli indicates faecal contamination across all the water bodies. Water Quality Index revealed that 79% of water bodies were ‘unsuitable’ for drinking, while 16% and 5% were ‘poor’ and ‘very poor’, respectively. Findings underline the threat of human activities to these freshwater ecosystems and warrant revival and conservation efforts.
CFU, Inland water bodies, Macrophytes, Pollution, Water quality index (WQI).
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Neelam Bisht, L.S. Lodhiyal, Neelu Lodhiyal
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 927—939, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LXSW8867
How to cite this paper:
Bisht, N., Lodhiyal, L. S., & Lodhiyal, N. (2025). Variation in Productivity, Carbon Sequestration and CO2 Mitigation of Community Forests in Kumaun Himalaya, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 927–939. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LXSW8867
This research illustrates various aspects related to productivity, carbon content, and the mitigation of community forests in the Kumaun Himalayan forest, India. The bulk density, pH, organic matter and carbon of soil ranged from 0.9–1.1 g cm–3, 5.6–6.5, 1.1–1.3 %, and 0.67–0.78%, respectively. The vegetation layer is ordered by density: Tree, shrub and herb. While the stock of vegetation biomass and NPP of forest varies 177.08±35.83 – 434.75±28.23 mg/ha and 6.72±1.41 – 13.79±1.59 mg/ha/yr. Among these, tree biomass and NPP accounted for 25.20–56.15% and 61.01–83.39%, respectively. The forest floor litter biomass was 2.57±0.45 – 2.75±1.00 mg/ha. The stock of vegetation carbon and sequestration of community forests was between 87.30±17.61 – 209.52±14.16 mg/c/ha, and 3.19±0.67 – 6.55±0.75 mg/c/ha/yr, respectively. However, vegetation’s total CO2 mitigation was 11.71±2.45 – 24.03±2.77 mg CO2/ha/yr, of which the tree layer contributed 61.01 – 83.39%. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the studied forest is mitigating a low amount of carbon compared to other previous studies. This is due to unsustainable exploitation of forest resources by rural communities, degraded forest conditions and lack of prudent scientific forest management inputs. Thus, it has indicated that there is an urgent need for scientific inputs in conserving, protecting and managing the existing forest conditions regarding productivity and carbon mitigation.
Biomass stock, Carbon sequestration, CO2 mitigation, Kumaun himalaya, Forest productivity.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Christina Jamoh, S. P. Kanaujia, Moakala Changkiri, Ashwini Ananda, Sentirenla Jamir, Rekha Yadav
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 940—945, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SPFH4223
How to cite this paper:
Jamoh, C., Kanaujia, S. P., Changkiri, M., Ananda, A., Jamir, S., & Yadav, R. (2025). Effect of Post-Emergence Application of Imazethapyr on Growth, Yield, Quality and Economics in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.). Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 940–945. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SPFH4223
A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2023-2024 at the Instructional cum Experimental Farm, Nagaland University, School of Agricultural Sciences, Medziphema campus to evaluate the effect of post-emergence application of imazethapyr on growth, yield, quality and economics in garden pea. The experiment consisted of 12 treatments laid out in RBD with three replications and the variety used for cultivation was KSP-110. Results of the experiment revealed that application of post-emergence spray of imazethapyr @ 125 g a.i. ha-1 at 30 DAS (T11) obtained maximum germination percentage (81.03%), plant height (55.33 cm), number of leaf/plant (52.67), number of branches/plant (18.33), length of pod (8.10 cm), number of seed per pods (8.27). Application of post-emergence spray of imazethapyr @ 75 g a. i. ha-1 at 40 DAS (T6) obtained maximum diameter of the pod (1.25 cm), number of pods per plant (7.00), fresh weight of pod (5.97 g), pod yield (139.33 q/ha). Dry matter of seed (32.90%), protein content in seed (28.85%) were obtained maximum when treated with post-emergence spray of imazethapyr @ 75 g a.i./ha at 20 DAS (T4). Treatment T6 (post-emergence spray of imazethapyr @ 75 g a. i. ha-1 at 40 DAS) recorded maximum net return of Rs. 452420 with B:C ratio 4.31. The above findings suggest that the application of imazethapyr can be effectively used for obtaining higher yield, reduce weed, reduce labor cost, and higher net returns for cultivation of garden pea.
Economics, Garden pea, Imazethapyr, Quality, Yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
In vitro Rescue of Nucellar Embryos and Micropropagation of Citrus Rootstocks
Arti Yadav, Navneet Kaur, Teg Bahadur Singh, Krishan Kant, Shalu Gupta, Parnika Jindal, Mukta Satsangi, Akbar Ali
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 946—953, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LVNP4027
How to cite this paper:
Yadav, A., Kaur, N., Singh, T. B., Kant, K., Gupta, S., Jindal, P., Satsangi, M., & Ali, A. (2025). In vitro Rescue of Nucellar Embryos and Micropropagation of Citrus Rootstocks. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 946–953. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LVNP4027
Nucellar embryony is a boon for the clonal propagation of Citrus rootstocks. Poly-embryonic seeds of Citrus rootstocks possess several non-zygotic embryos of nucellar origin that are identical to the maternal genotype and is a heritable trait. Since Citrus seeds are recalcitrant the nucellar embryos need to be rescued immediately after harvest and put for germination. In the present study, rescued nucellar embryos were germinated in vitro on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with cytokinins, Benzyl-amino purine (BAP) or Kinetin (Kn) at various concentrations. In vitro germinated nucellar seedlings were micro-propagated further. Best nucellar embryo germination was obtained on MS medium fortified with Kn [Troyer Citrange (1.0 mgL–1), Rough Lemon collection-6 (0.5 mgL–1) and Sour Orange (0.75 mgL–1)] or BAP [Trifoliate Orange (0.75 mgL-1)]. Among the four Citrus rootstocks, germination percentage was maximum in Troyer Citrange and minimum in Rough Lemon Collection-6. Epicotyl segments from two-week-old axenic nucellar seedlings were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP alone and in combination with NAA (α-Naphthalene acetic acid) and IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid). In all the Citrus cultivars used, de novo shoot regeneration was obtained within two weeks of culture with highest shoot buds formed in Troyer Citrange followed by Trifoliate Orange, Rough Lemon Collection-6 and least in Sour Orange. Shoots of all the rootstocks rooted best on MS + NAA (0.5 mgL–1) and were acclimatized and transferred to pots with almost 90% survival.
Citrus rootstock, Sour orange, Rough lemon collection-6, BAP, Nucellar embryo.
Nucellar embryony is a boon for the clonal propagation of Citrus rootstocks. Poly-embryonic seeds of Citrus rootstocks possess several non-zygotic embryos of nucellar origin that are identical to the maternal genotype and is a heritable trait. Since Citrus seeds are recalcitrant the nucellar embryos need to be rescued immediately after harvest and put for germination. In the present study, rescued nucellar embryos were germinated in vitro on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with cytokinins, Benzyl-amino purine (BAP) or Kinetin (Kn) at various concentrations. In vitro germinated nucellar seedlings were micro-propagated further. Best nucellar embryo germination was obtained on MS medium fortified with Kn [Troyer Citrange (1.0 mgL–1), Rough Lemon collection-6 (0.5 mgL–1) and Sour Orange (0.75 mgL–1)] or BAP [Trifoliate Orange (0.75 mgL-1)]. Among the four Citrus rootstocks, germination percentage was maximum in Troyer Citrange and minimum in Rough Lemon Collection-6. Epicotyl segments from two-week-old axenic nucellar seedlings were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP alone and in combination with NAA (α-Naphthalene acetic acid) and IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid). In all the Citrus cultivars used, de novo shoot regeneration was obtained within two weeks of culture with highest shoot buds formed in Troyer Citrange followed by Trifoliate Orange, Rough Lemon Collection-6 and least in Sour Orange. Shoots of all the rootstocks rooted best on MS + NAA (0.5 mgL–1) and were acclimatized and transferred to pots with almost 90% survival.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Assessment of Water Quality of Different Water Bodies in and around Delhi, India
Manisha Ahirwar, Krishna, Anushka Kumari, Thoudam Regina, Chaitali Ghosh
Environment and Ecology 43 (3A) : 954—963, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WBPW8179
How to cite this paper:
Ahirwar, M., Krishna, Kumari, A., Regina, T., & Ghosh, C. (2025). Assessment of Water Quality of Different Water Bodies in and around Delhi, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(3A), 954–963. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WBPW8179
Water quality plays a crucial role in sustaining ecosystems, supporting agriculture, and safeguarding human health. This study assessed the physico-chemical characteristics of water samples collected from three distinct water bodies in the Delhi-NCR region: The Yamuna River in Haryana, a natural pond at Sunder Nursery in Delhi, and a village pond in Greater Noida. Parameters including chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), free carbon dioxide, chloride, alkalinity, sulphate concentration, and total dissolved solids (TDS) were analyzed to evaluate pollution levels and their potential impacts. The results revealed marked site-specific variations, with Delhi water exhibiting the highest COD (48 mg/L), sulphate (7.1 mg/L), and TDS (1480 ppm), indicating heavy contamination from urban and industrial sources. The Yamuna sample showed critically low DO (0.125 mg/L) and elevated chloride (298 mg/L), reflecting the combined influence of sewage discharge, industrial effluents and agricultural runoff. Comparatively, the Noida Pond displayed relatively better water quality, although still impacted by moderate bicarbonate alkalinity and chloride levels. These findings highlight significant risks to agricultural productivity, as polluted irrigation water can alter soil chemistry, reduce crop yields, and lead to long-term soil salinity and toxicity. Overall, the study underscores the urgent need for improved wastewater management, stricter regulation of agricultural and industrial discharges, and community-level awareness to safeguard water quality, ensure agricultural sustainability and protect public health in the Delhi-NCR region.
Water quality, Assessment, Dissolved oxygen, Water bodies, Public health.
Nucellar embryony is a boon for the clonal propagation of Citrus rootstocks. Poly-embryonic seeds of Citrus rootstocks possess several non-zygotic embryos of nucellar origin that are identical to the maternal genotype and is a heritable trait. Since Citrus seeds are recalcitrant the nucellar embryos need to be rescued immediately after harvest and put for germination. In the present study, rescued nucellar embryos were germinated in vitro on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with cytokinins, Benzyl-amino purine (BAP) or Kinetin (Kn) at various concentrations. In vitro germinated nucellar seedlings were micro-propagated further. Best nucellar embryo germination was obtained on MS medium fortified with Kn [Troyer Citrange (1.0 mgL–1), Rough Lemon collection-6 (0.5 mgL–1) and Sour Orange (0.75 mgL–1)] or BAP [Trifoliate Orange (0.75 mgL-1)]. Among the four Citrus rootstocks, germination percentage was maximum in Troyer Citrange and minimum in Rough Lemon Collection-6. Epicotyl segments from two-week-old axenic nucellar seedlings were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP alone and in combination with NAA (α-Naphthalene acetic acid) and IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid). In all the Citrus cultivars used, de novo shoot regeneration was obtained within two weeks of culture with highest shoot buds formed in Troyer Citrange followed by Trifoliate Orange, Rough Lemon Collection-6 and least in Sour Orange. Shoots of all the rootstocks rooted best on MS + NAA (0.5 mgL–1) and were acclimatized and transferred to pots with almost 90% survival.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International