Volume 43 (3) 2025
Subhasree Das, Samiran Bandyopadhyay, Prasanta Kumar Sarkar, Sukhen Samanta, Jaydeep Banerjee, Subhasis Batabyal
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 567—575, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NDUE2088
How to cite this paper:
Das, S., Bandyopadhyay, S., Sarkar, P. K., Samanta, S., Banerjee, J., & Batabyal, S. (2025). Assessment of the Potential Efficacy of Herbal Formulations in Combating Carbapenem Resistance – An Emerging Environmental Menace. Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 567–575. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NDUE2088
In recent years, carbapenem-resistant pathogens have emerged as a critical health concern worldwide. Improper antibiotic use has been a prime driver for the proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Medicinal plants possess bioactive compounds with antibacterial properties that could serve as novel therapeutic agents against resistant strains. The present study explores the therapeutic efficacy of four herbal formulations, Neem oil (NO), Olive oil (OO), Jatyadi oil (JO), and Rasamanikya as alternative medicine to combat carbapenem-resistant pathogens. The comparative study evaluated the herbal formulations with known antimicrobial activity, analyzing their efficacy, mechanisms of action and potential synergies when used in combination with conventional antibiotics. The environmental impact of carbapenem resistance has been highlighted, emphasizing the need for eco-friendly and biodegradable antimicrobial solutions. It is suggested that the potential of these promising herbal alternatives evaluated in the present study would contribute to the development of safer, sustainable, cost-effective antimicrobial approaches, addressing both public health and environmental concerns.
Carbapenem resistance, Alternative medicine, MDR pathogens, Environmental menace, Eco-friendly therapeutics.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 
Abhishek Pratap Singh, S. K. Verma, Indresh Kumar, Himanshi Singh, Devendra Kumar
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 576—582, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IXEY7694
How to cite this paper:
Singh, A. P., Verma, S. K., Kumar, I., Singh, H., & Kumar, D. (2025). Evaluation of Soil Health under Aonla (Emblica officinalis) Cultivation with Organic Manure in the Semi-Arid Region of Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 576–582. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IXEY7694
Soil is a vital natural resource essential for sustaining life on Earth. Preserving and enhancing soil health is critical for ensuring food security, maintaining biodiversity, regulating the climate and promoting human well-being. A field experiment was conducted at the Main Experimental Station (MES) of the Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India, to evaluate soil properties under Aonla (Emblica officinalis) tree and open field condition following the application of different types of organic manure. The experiment comprised eight treatments: T1 (no fertilizer, open field), T2 (no fertilizer, under Aonla tree), T3 (100% farmyard manure (FYM), open field), T4 (100% FYM, under Aonla tree), T5 (100% vermicompost, open field), T6 (100% vermicompost, under Aonla tree), T7 (50% FYM + 50% vermicompost, open field), and T8 (50% FYM + 50% vermicompost, under Aonla tree), arranged in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. Among the treatments, T8 (50% FYM + 50% vermicompost under Aonla tree) showed the most significant improvement in soil quality. Overall, soil health was better under Aonla tree compared to open field condition. The findings suggest that integrating FYM and vermicompost application in Aonla cultivation can effectively enhance soil health, offering a sustainable practice for farmers.
Organic farming, Soil properties, Farmyard manure, Vermicompost, Aonla.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Tannu Kumari, Sutanu Maji, Manya Kumari, Kanak Lata, Tanay Anand, Yazhini
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 583—590, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HEFK6873
How to cite this paper:
Kumari, T., Maji, S., Kumari, M., Lata, K., Anand, T., & Yazhini. (2025). Effect of Benzyladenine and Boron on Development of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis (Web.) Britton and Rose). Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 583–590. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HEFK6873
Dragon fruit (Hylocereus sp.) is a perennial vine belonging to cactaceae family with fruits having unique appearance and night blooming flowers having sweet fragrance. Hylocereus costaricensis is a purple red fleshed dragon fruit species which is widely known for its vibrant flesh color, refreshing taste and high nutritive value even though the fruit size is comparatively smaller than the other dragon fruit species. There are several effects of plant growth regulators and micronutrients on physical and chemical properties of fruit but the research regarding their effect on dragon fruit growth and development is limited. The present investigation was planned to know the effect of benzyladeninee and boron on physical and chemical properties of dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis (Web.) Britton and Rose) under Lucknow sub-tropical climatic condition. There were 9 treatments (T1 -Control, T2 -BA@150 ppm, T3 -BA @200 ppm, T4 -Boron @100 ppm, T5 -Boron @150 ppm, T6 -BA @150 ppm + Boron @100 ppm, T7 -BA @ 150 ppm+ Boron @ 150 ppm, T8 -BA @ 200 ppm +Boron @ 100 ppm, T9 -BA @ 200 ppm + Boron @ 150 ppm) with three replications laid out following Randomized Block Design. There were 4 plants per pole and poles were planted at 4m × 2m spacing. Findings of the present investigation revealed that both BA and Boron had positive effect on physical and chemical properties of dragon fruit. Boron @ 150 ppm improved the physical quality parameters of dragon fruit followed by combined application of benzyladenine @ 200 ppm + boron @ 150 ppm which improved the chemical qualities of red fleshed dragon fruit.
Dragon fruit, Plant bio- regulators, Benzyladenine, Boron.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Ram Nagesh Prasad
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 591—598, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NAKH8570
How to cite this paper:
Prasad, R. N. (2025). Decadal Trends in Forest and Agricultural Land Dynamics: A Remote Sensing-Based Study of Valmiki Tiger Reserve of Bihar, India and its Eco-Sensitive Zone. Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 591–598. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NAKH8570
The present study analyzes four decades (1975–2015) of land use and land cover (LULC) changes in the Valmiki Tiger Reserve (VTR) and its surrounding eco-sensitive zone, located within the Terai Arc Landscape of India. Using multi-temporal remote sensing data and GIS techniques, the study reveals dynamic shifts in forest cover, agricultural expansion, shrubland growth, wetland resurgence, and barren land reduction. While forest cover exhibited a marginal increase due to early conservation efforts, the last decade (2005–2015) witnessed a negative growth trend, indicating rising anthropogenic pressure. Agricultural land expanded steadily, driven by population growth and land reclamation, while barren land showed a sharp decline as it was converted into cultivable and shrub-covered areas. Wetlands and water bodies demonstrated positive growth in the final decade, reflecting either ecological restoration or improved classification. These findings underscore the importance of continuous LULC monitoring to guide conservation planning, especially in protected areas where human-wildlife conflict and habitat fragmentation remain pressing concerns. The study emphasizes the need for integrated land management strategies to ensure sustainable coexistence between biodiversity conservation and human development.
Land use land cover change, Remote sensing, Forest degradation, Valmiki Tiger Reserve, Terai Arc Landscape.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Assessment of Agroforestry Adoption Patterns in Ayodhya District of Uttar Pradesh
Himanshi Singh, Devendra Kumar, S. K. Verma, Purumandla Vennela Reddy, Chikoti Manikanta
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 599—606, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JMHX6267
How to cite this paper:
Singh, H., Kumar, D., Verma, S. K., Reddy, P. V., & Manikanta, C. (2025). Assessment of Agroforestry Adoption Patterns in Ayodhya District of Uttar Pradesh. Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 599–606. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JMHX6267
Agroforestry integrates trees with agricultural crops and/or livestock offering immense potential for agricultural resilience and livelihood security. However, its adoption is influenced by various socio-economic factors that needs to be systematically analyzed to formulate effective extension strategies and policy interventions. In this view, a study was conducted during 2024-25 to explore adoption pattern of agroforestry practices among farmers in Ayodhya district, Uttar Pradesh. Multistage random sampling method was implied to draw sample from the district. The data were collected and administered across various landholding categories through a structured questionnaire incorporating agroforestry adoption indicators. The correlation analysis was employed to determine relationships between socio-economic parameters and adoption levels of agroforestry practices. The study revealed that education level, landholding size, land ownership, participation in related trainings, and annual income were positively correlated with adoption levels. However, there was no discernible relationship between the use of agroforestry practices and age or family size. The findings suggested that enhancing extension activities with specific focus on training, demonstration of successful models, and providing technical support to farmers could improve agroforestry adoption rates. It also recommends policy interventions to promote agroforestry as a sustainable land-use system for improving farmers’ livelihoods and ecosystem services in Ayodhya district.
Agroforestry practices, Extension activities, Land use system, Socio-economic factors, Sustainable agriculture.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Effect of Drip Fertigation and Mulching on Pulses Cultivation: A Review
Pramod Rai
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 607—616, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/AMQI1704
How to cite this paper:
Rai, P. (2025). Effect of Drip Fertigation and Mulching on Pulses Cultivation: A Review. Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 607–616. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/AMQI1704
The present paper discusses the efficacy of drip fertigation and mulching in production of pulse crops viz. Pigeon pea, Chick pea and field Pea cultivated in Indian sub-continent. The paper presents a comprehensive account of the effect of drip irrigation, fertigation and mulching on growth, yield, water use efficiency and economics of pulse crop cultivation and identifies the research and developmental gaps that need immediate attention of the researchers. The review indicated that drip irrigation saved 20–48% of irrigation water over surface irrigation methods and improved the crop yield by 10–20%. Adoption of fertigation in pulse crops also resulted in better plant growth and yield of pulse crops and was effective in reducing the losses of nutrients by leaching. It was observed that drip irrigation and mulching had a synergic effect on major yield attributes which ultimately manifested in improved yield of pulse crops.
Chick pea, Pigeon pea, Pea, Drip irrigation, Plastic mulching.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Kajenchila, Hijam Shila Devi, Tinatoly Sema, Waluniba, W. Ramdas Singh
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 617—623, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YIHK9209
How to cite this paper:
Kajenchila, Devi, H. S., Sema, T., Waluniba, & Singh, W. R. (2025). Screening of Pigeonpea Genotypes against Major Insect Pests of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 617–623. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YIHK9209
Nine pigeonpea genotypes, namely PA 686, AL 2371, RKVP 1156, PA 739, NUPPC-7A, VLA 1 (ch), AL 2481, PA 23-5, and WRGE-171, along with three checks (AL 882, PAU 881, and UPAS 120), were screened against the major insect pests of pigeonpea crop i.e. Maruca vitrata and Apion clavipes. It was found that WRGE-171 recorded the highest mean larval population (2.76/5 plants) and web formation (6.56/5 plants) by M. vitrata, while PA 23-5 had the lowest in both parameters with 1.04 and 2.56, respectively. While, the highest mean population of A. clavipes was recorded in NUPPC-7A with 10.64/5 plants, while the lowest was observed in PA 23-5 (4.52/5 plants). Pod damage assessment revealed that PA-739 was moderately resistant to M. vitrata, while VLA 1 (ch) and RKPV 1156 showed moderate resistance to A. clavipes. NUPPC-7A and VLA 1 (ch) also showed moderate resistance to grain damage by M. vitrata and A. clavipes, respectively. In contrast, PA 686, AL 2371, and WRGE-171 were highly susceptible to pod and grain damage by M. vitrata, with WRGE-171 also highly susceptible to A. clavipes. The highest yield was recorded in PA 23-5 (254.20 kg/ha) and the lowest yield in WRGE-171 (97.75 kg/ha). This study not only offer a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to reducing pesticide dependency but also hold promise for enhancing crop productivity and profitability of pigeonpea crop.
A. clavipes, M. vitrata, Pigeonpea, Screening, Genotypes.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Worldwide Distribution and Management of Fall Armyworm: A Review
Sunaina Malik, Sonu Kumari, Ram Singh, Rakesh Kumar, Vikas Chauhan
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 624—634, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NAIQ2596
How to cite this paper:
Malik, S., Kumari, S., Singh, R., Kumar, R., & Chauhan, V. (2025). Worldwide Distribution and Management of Fall Armyworm: A Review. Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 624–634. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NAIQ2596
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a significant global agricultural pest, poses a substantial threat to maize and other crops, leading to drastic yield losses. Initially identified in Africa, it has since invaded several regions, including sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, impacting many plant species. This research outlines the pest’s biology, including its two strains with distinct host preferences, and mechanisms of damage to maize, which can result in yield reduction of up to 73%. Effective management strategies are critical to mitigate its impact. Cultural practices, biological controls, and targeted chemical interventions are evaluated for their efficacy in managing FAW populations. The integration of these strategies, particularly the use of environmentally friendly biological control agents and cultural practices, is emphasized as a sustainable approach. This review paper also highlights the importance of early detection and intervention, as well as the significant role of local and botanical remedies in pest management. The findings underscore the urgent need for adaptive management practices to protect global food security from the threats posed by the fall armyworm.
Distribution, Fall armyworm, Maize, Management, Spodoptera frugiperda.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Waikhom Jupiter Singh, W. Herojit Meetei, R. Kandasamy, Okram Bijaya Devi, Meikam Ichancha, B. Dutta, F. H. Rahman
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 635—641, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MQLA6072
How to cite this paper:
Singh, W. J., Meetei, W. H., Kandasamy, R., Devi, O. B., Ichancha, M., Dutta, B., & Rahman, F. H. (2025). Correlation and Path Co-Efficient Analysis among Yield and its Yield Attributes in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.). Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MQLA6072
The present study aimed to investigate the interrelationships among yield and its component traits in 40 diverse genotypes of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) through correlation and path coefficient analysis under a randomized complete block design with three replications. Highly significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations were observed between fruit yield per vine and traits such as sex ratio (0.704) and (0.726), vine length (0.690) and (0.798), primary branch count per vine (0.604) and (0.638), fruit length (0.268) and (0.265), fruit girth (0.275) and (0.300), mean fruit weight (0.423) and (0.441), fruits per vine (0.730) and (0.753) number of seeds per fruit (0.261) and (0.267), suggesting their potential as selection indices for yield improvement. Path analysis revealed that fruits per vine (0.8122), mean fruit weight (0.5686), days to first appearance of female flower (0.1294), days to first picking (0.1268), total soluble solids (0.1138), primary branch count per vine (0.1116), vine length (0.0586), ascorbic acid content (0.0467) and node of first staminate flower emergence (0.0399) showed high magnitude of positive direct effect on fruit yield per vine. The findings suggest that direct selection based on key traits especially fruits per vine, mean fruit weight, and early flowering can effectively enhance yield in bitter gourd. The study concludes that integrating correlation and path analyses provides a robust framework for identifying yield-contributing traits and can significantly support breeding strategies aimed at yield optimization in bitter gourd.
Bitter gourd, Phenotypic correlation, Genotypic correlation, Path analysis.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
A Spatiotemporal Study of Climatic and Vegetation Changes (1984–2024) in Karnataka State, India
Sadiq Ali Nabawi, Basavarajappa H. T., Manjunatha M. C., Shubhachintani Bhukta
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 642—652, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LAWT9747
How to cite this paper:
Nabawi, S. A., Basavarajappa, H. T., Manjunatha, M. C., & Bhukta, S. (2025). A Spatiotemporal Study of Climatic and Vegetation Changes (1984–2024) in Karnataka State, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 642–652. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LAWT9747
The impacts of climate change and global warming have become increasingly evident over the past four decades, especially in climate-sensitive regions like Karnataka State, India. This study presents a spatiotemporal analysis of climatic trends and vegetation changes across Karnataka from 1984 to 2024 using meteorological data and satellite observations. Key climatic parameters including temperature, precipitation, specific humidity, and wind speed were analyzed using data from 66 ground stations and NASA POWER datasets. Additionally, MODIS-derived NDVI data were used to assess vegetation dynamics. The findings reveal significant warming trends, seasonal variations in rainfall, and spatial shifts in humidity and wind patterns. Notably, there is a strong correlation between declining vegetation cover and climatic fluctuations in certain regions. This research provides critical insights into regional climate behavior and ecosystem response, supporting evidence-based planning for agriculture, water resources, and forest management. The study emphasizes the importance of long-term monitoring and adaptive strategies in mitigating climate-related risks.
GIS, Climate change, Temperature, NDVI, Remote sensing.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Vikas Yadav, Alok Kumar Pandey, D. K. Singh, Suresh Kumar, Anjaly Yadav, Tripti Mishra, Rishabh Singh
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 653—658, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JTTT6303
How to cite this paper:
Yadav, V., Pandey, A. K., Singh, D. K., Kumar, S., Yadav, A., Mishra, T., & Singh, R. (2025). Response of Different Organic and Inorganic Inputs on Nutrient Use Efficiency and Their Impact on Yields of Kabuli Chickpea in Partially Reclaimed Sodic Soil. Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 653–658. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JTTT6303
Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important leguminous crop grown primarily for its large, light-colored seeds, rich in protein, dietary fiber, and essential minerals. Valued for its nutritional quality and high market demand, especially in international trade, Kabuli chickpea plays a key role in food security and farm income. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) plays a vital role in enhancing the productivity and sustainability of Kabuli chickpea cultivation, especially under degraded or sodic soil conditions. By combining organic, inorganic, and biological inputs, INM improves nutrient use efficiency, soil health, and crop yield. This holistic approach is crucial for maintaining long-term soil fertility and optimizing chickpea production in challenging agroecosystems. The field experiments were conducted at Agronomy research farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya during the year of 2023-24, 2024-25 for integrated nutrient management of Kabuli chickpea crop. The experiment was laid in Randomized Block Design under three replications with 12 treatment combinations. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of different combinations of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on the nutrient use efficiency and yield of Kabuli chickpea cultivated in partially reclaimed sodic soils. The findings are anticipated to contribute to the formulation of sustainable nutrient management strategies for kabuli chickpea cultivation in degraded soil environments. The findings indicated that combining organic, inorganic, and biological nutrient source (T11) improved the nutrient use efficiency and yield of Kabuli chickpea cultivated in partially reclaimed sodic soils.
Organic manure, Biofertilizer, Nutrient use efficiency, Yield, Kabuli chickpea.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Understanding and Biocontrol Management of Panama Disease in Banana Cultivation
Mohd. Kashif Khan, Mariya Hasnat
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 659—668, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/REVD5203
How to cite this paper:
Khan, Mohd. K., & Hasnat, M. (2025). Understanding and Biocontrol Management of Panama Disease in Banana Cultivation. Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 659–668. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/REVD5203
Panama disease, caused by Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most devastating diseases affecting banana cultivation worldwide. The spread of this soil-borne pathogen has severely threatened banana production, particularly the Cavendish variety, leading to significant economic losses. Traditional control methods, such as chemical fungicides, have proven ineffective and unsustainable, prompting the need for innovative, environmentally friendly management strategies. This article explores sustainable management practices for the control of Panama disease, focusing on integrated approaches that combine biological, cultural and agronomic methods. Biological control, involving the use of antagonistic microorganisms such as Trichoderma species, offers promising results in suppressing Fusarium through competition and parasitism. Crop rotation, resistant banana cultivars, and the use of organic amendments are also highlighted as effective strategies to reduce pathogen inoculum levels in the soil. Moreover, soil health management, including improved drainage and soil aeration, can mitigate the spread of the disease by enhancing microbial diversity and reducing the pathogen’s survival capacity. This study reveals that Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens are potential biocontrol agents against isolated pathogens viz Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp. The essential oils were also tested against isolated Panama disease causing pathogens and they have also proved effective. In conclusion, sustainable management practices that integrate biological control, resistant cultivars, and soil health optimization offer a holistic approach to managing Panama disease. Such strategies not only reduce the reliance on harmful chemicals but also contribute to the long-term resilience of banana production systems, promoting environmental sustainability and food security in banana-growing regions.
Panama disease, Fusarium oxysporum, Biological control, Sustainable agriculture, Soil health, Banana cultivation.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Jagdeep singh, Bablu Singh, Veerpal Kaur, Baljinder Singh
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 669—673, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GUYC9956
How to cite this paper:
Singh, J., Singh, B., Kaur, V., & Singh, B. (2025). Nitrogen and Phosphorus Combination Effect on Growth and Yields of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.). Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 669–673. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GUYC9956
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is a vital cereal crop in India, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, due to its resilience to drought and low soil fertility. This study investigates the combined effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization on the growth and yield of pearl millet. A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab, during the kharif season of 2024, employing a randomized block design with ten fertilizer treatments replicated three times. The treatments included varying levels of nitrogen (50, 75, and 100 kg/ha) and phosphorus (50, 75, and 100 kg/ha), while potassium (100 kg/ha) was held constant. The results demonstrated that increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus significantly improved plant height, leaf count, SPAD value, dry weight, panicle length, and grain yield. The highest yield (1,800 kg/ha) and straw yield (5,111 kg/ha) were recorded in the N100+P100+K100 treatment, while the lowest yield was observed in the control (1,199 kg/ha). These findings highlight the importance of balanced N and P fertilization in optimizing pearl millet productivity. The study offers valuable input in nutrient management strategies for increasing millet yield and sustainability in Punjab’s agroecological conditions.
Pearl millet, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Fertilizer response, Yield, Punjab.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Insecticidal Nature of Ant Venom: Chemical Composition and Applications in Pest Control
Asif Khan, Vinod Kumari, Khushboo Jadon, Mohit Singh, Anamika, Shashi Meena, Rakesh Kumar Lata
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 674—683, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RBJX3300
How to cite this paper:
Khan, A., Kumari, V., Jadon, K., Singh, M., Anamika, Meena, S., & Lata, R. K. (2025). Insecticidal Nature of Ant Venom: Chemical Composition and Applications in Pest Control. Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 674–683. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RBJX3300
Ants (Formicidae), a diverse family of Hymenoptera, exhibit over 13,000 described species classified into 21 subfamilies. Among these, 16 subfamilies possess stinging species, predominantly classified within the poneroid and leptanilloid clades, while the remaining non-stinging subfamilies belong exclusively to the formicoid clade. The venom produced by stinging ants is recognized for its diverse pharmacological effects, encompassing haemolytic, paralytic, cytolytic, antibacterial, insecticidal, allergenic, proinflammatory, and nociceptive qualities. Alkaloids and polypeptides are two principal constituents of ant venom, with significant inter specific variations in their structure and composition. Both of these elements contribute to the insecticidal effects of the venom. Alkaloids including indolizidine, pyrazine, pyrrolidines, and pyrrolizidine are key contributors of ant venom among various genera. The effectiveness of various alkaloids and polypeptides against certain insects varies; they exert their effects through multiple mechanisms such as induction of paralysis, intoxication, reduced reproduction, and rapid mortality in target insect species. Factors such as worker ant age, body size, and seasonal variation influence the quantitative and qualitative venom profile, particularly in terms of alkaloid composition, whereas protein profiles remain relatively stable. Their potential biological activity and mode of action, ant-derived alkaloids and peptides, present a promising source for the development of novel next-generation bioinsecticides and repellents. The present review synthesizes current knowledge on the structural and functional complexity of ant venom, emphasizing its insecticidal properties and potential applications in sustainable pest management strategies.
Ant, Ant venom, Insecticidal activity, Alkaloids, Polypeptide.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Morphological variability of Persea americana Mill. in Vina Division (Adamawa, Cameroon)
Fawa Guidawa, Oumarou Haman Zephirin, Azis Bruno, Binwé Jean Baptiste, Mapongmetsem Pierre Marie
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 684—698, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LSYE4793
How to cite this paper:
Guidawa, F., Zephirin, O. H., Bruno, A., Baptiste, B. J., & Marie, M. P. (2025). Morphological Variability of Persea americana Mill. in Vina Division (Adamawa, Cameroon). Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 684–698. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LSYE4793
Persea americana is a socio-economic species highly prized by the population of Vina. The aim of this study was to assess the morphological characteristics of this species in the Vina. Qualitative and quantitative descriptors were assessed. In each village, 10 avocado trees were selected. Dendrometric measurements were recorded. A total of 10 fruits and leaves were sampled and measured per tree. This study showed that the evaluation of morphological parameters revealed the existence of 25 descriptors, 15 quantitative and 5 qualitative. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) coupled with Hierarchical Ascending Classification (HAC) showed a structuring of diversity into six groups of morphotypes based on trees, fruits and leaves. Positive correlations were obtained between total tree height (TTH), diameter at breast height (Dbh), mean crown diameter (Mcd), crown area (CA), seed weight (SW), pulp weight (PW), fruit weight (FW), fruit length (FL), fruit width (Fw), seed length (SL), seed width (Sw). Similarly, petiole length (PL), petiole width (Pw), leaf length (LL) and leaf width (Lw) were also correlated. This study is an important step towards implementing a varietal selection program.
Persea americana, Variety, Characteristic, Morphological, Vina.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Dawa Bhutia, Joydeb Pal
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 699—707, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NKVQ7097
How to cite this paper:
Bhutia, D., & Pal, J. (2025). Differential Induction of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Isoforms in Clarias batrachus Exposed to Ethion and Dicofol. Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 699–707. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NKVQ7097
Pesticides and their byproducts are commonly encountered by aquatic organisms, such as fish. Cytochrome P450 (CYP 450) monooxygenases are widely distributed, multifunctional enzymes essential for the detoxification or activation of pesticides and serve as a biomarker for evaluating the aquatic environment’s health. The current study examined the effects of organophosphate (ethion) and organochlorine (dicofol) class of pesticides on CYP 450 enzymes in Clarias batrachus after treatment for 5, 10 and 15 days at a 1/3 sub-lethal dosage of the laboratory calculated 96 hour LC50 value. Liver somatic index (LSI), microsomal protein, total CYP 450 content and CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 facilitated 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, N, N- dimethylaniline demethylase, aniline hydroxylase and erythromycin N-demethylase activities in hepatic microsomes were studied. In the pesticide-treated groups, there was a considerable increase in LSI, microsomal protein, and total CYP 450 content. When compared to their respective control groups, the ethion and dicofol-treated groups showed a significant induction (p<0.05, p<0.01) in CYP1A and CYP3A4 activity. No responses were shown by CYP2E1 activity in either of the treatment groups, but only the ethion-treated group showed a substantial induction in CYP2B activity (p<0.05). CYP1A mediated activity was the most pronounced of all the activities.
Cytochrome P450, Pesticides, Ethion, Dicofol, Clarias batrachus, Biotransformation.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Henchai P. Phom, Kewat Sanjay Kumar, Kalidas Upadhyaya, Vinod Prasad Khanduri, Anuj Kumar, Akoijam Benjamin Singh
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 708—717, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SJUX3038
How to cite this paper:
Phom, H. P., Kumar, K. S., Upadhyaya, K., Khanduri, V. P., Kumar, A., & Singh, A. B. (2025). Phyto-Chemical, Pharmacological, Ethno-Botanical and Ecological Importance of Prunus cerasoides D. Don. for Human Health and Livelihood Development: A Review. Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 708–717. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SJUX3038
Prunus cerasoides D. Don, a deciduous tree of the Rosaceae family, is widely distributed across the Himalayan regions including the North-central Indian State of Himachal Pradesh, as well as the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand and the Western part of China. Additionally, it can be found in various parts of India’s North-eastern provinces, including Sikkim, Assam, Khasi Hills, Manipur and Mizoram and is valued for its therapeutic and ethnobotanical importance. This review summarizes the phytochemical constituents identified from various parts of the plant, including flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, glycosides, and sterols. Documented pharmacological properties include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-plasmodial effects, as well as protective activity against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The plant is also used in traditional medicine for treating wounds, fractures, skin conditions, and digestive disorders. Indigenous knowledge across different regions of India and neighbouring countries highlights its continued relevance in local healthcare systems. This compilation provides an updated account of the phytopharmacological and ethnomedicinal attributes of P. cerasoides as reported in the literature.
P. cerasoides, Phytochemical, Pharmacology, Ethnobotanical, Antioxidant, Antibacterial.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sunil Nandi, Deepanwita Mitra, Srijan Mohanta, Baishali Dutta, Santanu Pailan
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 718—724, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NFHP8692
How to cite this paper:
Nandi, S., Mitra, D., Mohanta, S., Dutta, B., & Pailan, S. (2025). Isolation and Identification of a Potential Cellulose Degrading Bacterium Bacillus sp. Strain BCD1 from Cow Dung Sample. Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 718–724. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NFHP8692
Cellulose polysaccharide is comprised with β-1,4 glycosidic linked D-glucose molecules and it became a most abundant organic substance in the environment. These resistant and water insoluble materials are majorly found in cell wall of plant system. It is gradually accumulated in environment as a dominant organic waste. We can utilize these cellulosic waste materials as an amenable energy source in form of easy sugars. The current article reveals on a potential cellulose degrading bacterium. The bacterium, BCD1 is isolated from a cow dung sample of Natunpally (23.17170°N, 87.52487°E) village of Mirzapur area, Burdwan, West Bengal, India. The mesophilic bacterium is a gram-positive in nature and grown optimally at 32°C temperature. The bacterial isolate is identified as Bacillus sp. strain BCD1 based on 16S rRNA gene based molecular phylogenetic approach. The BCD1 bacterium expresses 0.67 Cellulolytic index in Congo red screening technique. The article also discusses about the quantitative estimation of cellulose degradation by performing extracellular protein concentration and dinitrosalicylic assay. The efficiency of the enzyme liberated by Bacillus sp. strain BCD1 is 16.9780 mg glucose liberated/mg protein / 30 minutes at 32˚C temperature.
Bacillus sp. strain BCD1, Cellulose degradation, CMC-agar, Screening, 16S rRNA gene.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
B Sri Manasa, GSVRK Choudary, Y. Aparna
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 725—735, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FNSP2704
How to cite this paper:
Manasa, B. S., Choudary, G., & Aparna, Y. (2025). Optimization of Substrates and Incubation Time for Dye Decolorization using Response Surface Methodology in Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-2414) and Pseudomonas putida (MTCC-2445). Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 725–735. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FNSP2704
The rising industrial use of dyes has resulted in un-treated effluents being discharged into water bodies, causing toxic, carcinogenic effects on humans and disrupting aquatic ecosystems. Traditional physico-chemical used for dye removal methods face limitations such as toxic by-product formation, sludge accumulation, and incomplete degradation. Microbial bioremediation offers a sustainable alternative for textile dye decolorization. This study explored the use of a microbial consortium comprising Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-2414) and Pseudomonas putida (MTCC-2445), optimizing substrate type and concentration to enhance decolorization efficiency. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to identify critical parameters influencing degradation. Statistical analyses including ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), along with contour plots, helped evaluate substrate effects and visualize interactions. Among tested substrates, glucose showed the highest initial decolorization efficiency, though prolonged incubation improved results with all substrates, including sugarcane and rice bran. The findings confirm the effectiveness of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas putida as bioremediation agents for treating dye-contaminated wastewater. Overall, the study supports microbial bioremediation as an eco-friendly, efficient, and sustainable approach for industrial dye pollution, offering a promising alternative to conventional methods.
Textile dye degradation, Response surface methodology, Substrate tandardization, Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-2414), Pseudomonas putida (MTCC-2445).
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Priyanka, Bhawna Bajpai
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 736—739, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DCWF2053
How to cite this paper:
Priyanka, & Bajpai, B. (2025). Impact of Paper Mill Effluent on Seed Germination, Seedling growth and Chlorophyll Content of Glycine max (L.). Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 736–739. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DCWF2053
In order to learn how paper mill effluent affects Glycine max (L.) seed germination, shoot development (plumule and radicle length), and chlorophyll concentration (Chl a, Chl b, and Total Chl), a lab experiment was conducted. Through the process of diluting it with distilled water, effluent was created in varying proportions, ranging from 25% to 100%. In the present investigation germination (%), plumule, radicle length and total chlorophyll contents significantly declined with increasing concentration of paper mill effluent as compared to the control. It has been concluded that the acidic nature of effluent is very harmful to soybean growth. Higher concentrations (100%) of wastewater may contain hazardous components for irrigation purposes as compared to the diluted percentages of the paper mill effluent, however, after sufficient treatment lower concentrations of effluent can be used for agricultural irrigation.
Chlorophyll content, Glycine max, Paper mill effluent, Seed germination.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Eco-Floristic Analysis of Tree Species in Satlasana taluka of Mehsana District, Gujarat, India
Shivani G. Patel, P. K. Patel
Environment and Ecology 43 (3) : 740—747, July—September 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QSAL2599
How to cite this paper:
Patel, S. G., & Patel, P. K. (2025). Eco-Floristic Analysis of Tree Species in Satlasana Taluka of Mehsana District, Gujarat, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(3), 740–747. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QSAL2599
This study presents an Eco-floristic analysis of tree species in Satlasana taluka in Mehsana district of Gujarat. The investigation aimed to document the diversity, distribution, and ecological characteristics of tree species in the region. A comprehensive survey was conducted across different habitats, and data on tree species composition, density, frequency, and abundance were collected. A total of 107 tree species belonging to 36 families were recorded. The study revealed a significant variation in tree species diversity and composition across different habitats. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the ecological characteristics of tree species in the region and have implications for conservation and sustainable management of forest resources in Satlasana taluka.
Eco-floristic, Tree species, Diversity, Satlasana, Mehsana district.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International