Volume 43 (1A) 2025
Mapping Climatic Vulnerability in Cauvery Delta Region of Tamil Nadu
Susmitha K., Velmurugan D., Sita Devi K., Babu S.
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 185—189, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/VGIE8642
How to cite this paper:
Susmitha, K., Velmurugan, D., Devi K, S., & Babu, S. (2025). Mapping Climatic Vulnerability in Cauvery Delta Region of Tamil Nadu. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 185–189. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/VGIE8642
Climatic vulnerability is an emerging concept for understanding the impacts of climate change and its policy implications. It refers to the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, the adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Climate change significantly impacts agriculture, causing damage to crop productivity, food security, and economic stability. In India, about 80% of the population resides in highly vulnerable districts. The southern part of India is particularly susceptible to extreme climate events. This study attempts to map the vulnerability of the Cauvery Delta Region in Tamil Nadu using the Composite Vulnerability Index (CVI) and to classify districts into categories ranging from highly vulnerable to least vulnerable. The results of the study identify district as the most vulnerable, Cuddalore with a CVI of 0.65, followed by Nagapattinam (CVI: 0.52), Thiruvarur (CVI: 0.49), Perambalur (CVI: 0.44), Ariyalur (0.36). Pudukkottai and Tiruchirappalli (CVI: 0.34 each) and Thanjavur (CVI: 0.32) are categorized as less vulnerable districts. This classification is crucial for planning effective remedial measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change and enhance the resilience of the region.
Climate change, Vulnerability, Cauvery delta region, Composite Vulnerability Index, Mapping.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 
Saleem Ahamad
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 190—194, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WMRS9847
How to cite this paper:
Ahamad, S. (2025). Confinement, Purging and Portrayal of Microsporidian Spores from Insect Pests of Mulberry and Few Other Agricultural Yields. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 190–194. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WMRS9847
The silkworm, scientifically known as Bombyx mori L., is a fragile lepidopteran insect cultivated to produce silk. Microsporidia, a type of bacteria, have been identified as the primary pathogens that infect insects in their natural habitats. Various insects discovered in mulberry gardens with a circular shape have been identified to harbor microsporidia that can infect silkworms. Two distinct microsporidia that can infect silkworms have been discovered in the mulberry pest known as “Bihar hirsute maggot, Spilosoma oblique”. These insects can contaminate silkworm rearing by depositing the pathogen’s spores on the mulberry leaves in the garden through scales and litter. Microsporidia from the genera Nosema, Vairimorpha, Thelohania, Pleistophora, and unclassified microsporidia have been identified as pathogens (white butterfly, Pieris rapae) in the cabbage. This butterfly is a pest that affects agricultural crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and others, excluding mulberry. At night, it is common to see cabbage white butterflies resting in mulberry gardens. As a result, the butterfly excrement and tiny pieces of their wings that contain microsporidian spores adhere to the mulberry leaves. This leads to the transmission of microsporidian infection to silkworms. This study examines the process of isolating, purifying, and characterizing microsporidian spores from insect pests that affect mulberry and other agricultural crops.
Microsporidian, Silkworm, Agriculture, Mulberry, Insect pests.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Trend, Instability and Relative Contribution of Turmeric Production in Andhra Pradesh
Mahima Priyanka Neerugatti, R. R. Kushwaha, Anil Kumar, Supriya, Vishal Mehta
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 195—201, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BFDF6265
How to cite this paper:
Neerugatti, M. P., Kushwaha, R. R., Kumar, A., Supriya, & Mehta, V. (2025). Trend, Instability and Relative Contribution of Turmeric Production in Andhra Pradesh. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 195–201. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BFDF6265
This study investigates the trends, instability, and decomposition analysis of the area, production, and yield of turmeric in Andhra Pradesh, over the last 70 years from 1954 to 2023. Using secondary data, collected information from indiastat (www.indiastat.com). From result parametric trend models revealed a quadratic pattern, with an R2 of 0.748, 0.787, and 0.768 for area, production, and yield, respectively, indicating a diminishing growth rate in recent years. Decomposition analysis showed that during the entire study period, area expansion accounted for 294.31% of production changes, while yield contributions were -450.87%, highlighting the dominant role of land use in shaping production trends. Instability analysis using the modified Cuddy and Della method revealed substantial variability, with coefficients of variation around the trend being highest for production (76.698), followed by area (49.004) and yield (36.609). These findings highlight significant fluctuations in turmeric production, particularly post-2014 bifurcation, driven by land-use changes and inconsistent yield trends. The study underscores the need for targeted strategies to stabilize production, optimize land allocation, and enhance yield sustainability to ensure consistent growth in turmeric cultivation.
Decomposition, Instability, Trend, Coefficient of variation, Cuddy Della Vella Index.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Antibacterial and Phytochemical Analysis of Ethanolic Extract of Ananas comosus (Pineapple) Peel
Renu Narendralal Jaisinghani, Rohini Pradeep Patil
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 202—209, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UDCG2579
How to cite this paper:
Jaisinghani, R. N., & Patil, R. P. (2024). Antibacterial and Phytochemical Analysis of Ethanolic Extract of Ananas comosus (Pineapple) Peel. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 202–209. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UDCG2579
The rapidly increasing global population and the impending food shortages in near future necessitate sustainable strategies to meet the prospective nutritional requirements in addition to basic food needs. Concerning this, one promising approach is the use of fruit peels as nutraceutical which may provide health benefits. Ananas comosus (pineapple) peel are abundant in bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenols, which offer potential therapeutic effects and boosts overall health. The present study was carried out to assess the total polyphenol content, phytochemical profile, and antibacterial potential of the ethanolic extract of pineapple peel (PPEE). The phytochemical composition of PPEE was identified using HRLCMS-QTOF in both positive and negative ionization modes, it showed the presence of variety of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, the total polyphenol content was 359.14 ± 2.12 mg GAE/g. The antibacterial activity of PPEE was evaluated against six organisms including Escherichia coli NCIM 2065, Proteus vulgaris NCIM 2027, Shigella flexneri NCIM 5265, Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 2079, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 2036 and Lactobacillus casei var shirota. using agar well diffusion method. PPEE inhibited all the test pathogens at 50 mg/mL concentration while had no inhibitory effect on L. casei var shirota.
HRLCMS-QTOF, Antibacterial, Probiotic,
Polyphenols, Pineapple peel.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Harshit Mishra, Supriya, R.R. Kushwaha, Manish Kumar, Sandeep Gautam
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 210—221, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NSRV4438
How to cite this paper:
Mishra, H., Supriya, Kushwaha, R. R., Kumar, M., & Gautam, S. (2025). Modelling and Forecasting of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Area, Production and Yield in Eastern Uttar Pradesh using ARIMA: A Data-Driven Approach to Sustainability. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 210–221. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NSRV4438
Sugarcane is a vital commercial crop in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, contributing significantly to both the agricultural and industrial sectors. This study utilizes the ARIMA model to forecast the area, production, and yield of sugarcane in the region, aiming to address the challenges posed by yield variability due to factors such as climate change and market fluctuations. Historical data from 1960 to 2022, covering 15 districts, was analyzed using time series methods. The ARIMA (p,d,q) model, with its autoregressive and moving average components, was employed to project trends up to 2035. The average area under sugarcane cultivation over this period was 343.46 thousand hectares, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 0.69%. The production reached an average of 12,633.05 thousand tonnes, while the yield averaged 44.81 tonnes per hectare. The ARIMA model demonstrated strong predictive capability, as evidenced by performance metrics such as RMSE and R2, validating its suitability for agricultural forecasting. The findings highlight the need for data-driven planning to enhance sugarcane productivity and economic sustainability, providing valuable insights for policymakers, farmers, and industry stakeholders in mitigating risks and optimizing resources.
Area, ARIMA, Forecasting, Instability, Production, Sugarcane, Sustainability, Yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Chandan Debnath
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 222—228, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SRTZ7726
How to cite this paper:
Debnath, C. (2025). Optimizing Rock Phosphate Application for Enhanced Productivity and Economic Returns in Indian Butter Catfish (Ompok bimaculatus) Nursery Rearing. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 222–228. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SRTZ7726
This study evaluated the effects of varying rock phosphate (RP) application rates (25, 50 and 75 kg/ha) compared to superphosphate (50 kg/ha) on the nursery rearing performance of Indian butter catfish (Ompok bimaculatus) in Tripura, Northeast India. The experiment was conducted in fifteen 0.02 ha ponds over a 30-day period. The 25 kg/ha RP treatment outperformed other treatments, maintaining optimal water quality (dissolved oxygen: 7.3 mg/L, pH: 8.4) and stimulating diverse plankton blooms (Shannon-Wiener index: Phytoplankton 2.75, zooplankton 2.16). This treatment enhanced microbial activity, with increased total heterotrophic bacteria (water: 7.6 × 105 CFU/mL, soil: 62.8 × 105 CFU/g) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (29.6 × 104 CFU/g soil). Consequently, maximum fish growth (154.5 mg), survival (43.7%), fry production (74,000/0.02 ha), and net economic returns (Rs 327,725/ha) were achieved. These findings establish 25 kg/ha as the optimal RP application rate for sustainable nursery productivity of Indian butter catfish, offering practical implications for commercial farmers. The study demonstrates the potential of RP as an economically viable and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional phosphatic fertilizers in aquaculture.
Rock phosphate, Pond fertilization, Catfish, Nursery rearing, Primary productivity, Water quality, Economic analysis.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Roshni Lalwani, Rita N. Kumar, Nirmal Kumar J. I.
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 229—238, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HQUR4168
How to cite this paper:
Lalwani, R., Kumar, R. N., & J. I. Kumar, N. (2025). Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Oxide and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and its Impact on Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Vigna radiata. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HQUR4168
Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that allows us to develop materials with improved or totally new properties. Nanotechnology has the ability to completely transform the way seeds germinate by providing improved development, faster germination rates and greater resistance to environmental stressors. The present study focuses on synthesis and characterization of copper oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles using sol- gel method and chemical precipitation method, further these nanoparticles were subjected to characterization techniques like energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDAX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for evaluating its size, composition and surface morphology. Moreover, the influence of these nanoparticles were observed on physiological and biochemical parameters of Vigna radiata seeds. The results indicated that synthesized nanoparticles were copper oxide and iron oxide and were of size 20-50 nm having squarish to spherical morphology for copper oxide nanoparticles and hexagonal to spherical morphology for iron oxide nanoparticles. The Vigna radiata seeds exhibited that iron oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles considerably improved physiological characteristics at lower concentrations, however they have phytotoxic effects at greater doses, which impede the growth of seedlings and decrease seed germination. The biochemical indices, such as proteins, phenols, and carbohydrates, were shown to be highest at lower concentrations and to decrease with increasing dosages of nanoparticles.
Copper oxide, Characterization, Iron oxide, Vigna radiata.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Effect of Aloe vera Extract on the Cultivation Practices of Rosa damascena Mill
Krishan Kant, Shalu Gupta, Navneet Kaur, Parnika Jindal, Akbar Ali
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 239—244, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YTZV4304
How to cite this paper:
Kant, K., Gupta, S., Kaur, N., Jindal, P., & Ali, A. (2025). Effect of Aloe vera Extract on the Cultivation Practices of Rosa damascena Mill. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 239–244. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YTZV4304
Rosa damascena Mill., a member of the Rosaceae family, is renowned for its captivating fragrance and is widely used in the production of gulkand, rose oil, tea, and rose water. Globally, major oil-producing regions include Bulgaria, China, Iran, India, and Turkey. Aloe vera gel extract, rich in bioactive compounds such as salicylic acid, auxins, and gibberellins, is known for promoting plant growth and development. Despite its economic significance, cultivating Damask rose remains challenging for farmers and researchers.This study investigates the effect of Aloe vera gel extract and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on propagation parameters of damask rose cultivars Noorjhan and Ranisahiba. Treatments included a control, IBA @ 250 ppm and Aloe vera gel pure extract for four hours before planting. Sprouting started in stem and observed that 80% of stem cuttings germinated completed within one week and all cuttings were germinated in 2nd week. For Noorjhan, it resulted in the highest number of sprouts (5.50), root length (3.20 cm), and no. of roots (4.90). Similarly, Ranisahiba recorded maximum sprouts (4.40), root length (2.86 cm), and no. of roots (5.80). The survival rate of stem cuttings were recoded 97.50% with the application of Aloe vera gel and 96.50 % with application of IBA solution in Ranisahiba variety similarly values were recorded in Noorjahan variety 98.02% and 97.03 % by application of Aloe vera gel and IBA respectively. These results highlight Aloe vera gel extract as a natural and sustainable alternative to synthetic growth regulators, enhancing both root development and survival in Damask rose propagation.
Aloe vera, Damask rose, Cultivation practices, Indole butyric acid, Medicinal, Aromatic plant.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Ehiwarior Onukwuozo, Sual Tatlisulu, Mustafa Erayman
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 245—257, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LYAT6273
How to cite this paper:
Onukwuozo, E., Tatlisulu, S., & Erayman, M. (2025). Effects of ZnO and hBN Nanopriming on Germination Characteristics of Two Leek Cultivars under Salt Stress. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LYAT6273
Vigorous and fast germination of seeds are critical in vegetable production. This study was performed to investigate the genotypic effects of two leek cultivars’ germination properties in response to different nanoparticles (NPs) seed priming and salt treatments. Seeds of the two leek cultivars (cv. Yaprak and cv. Porro) were primed with different concentrations (0,10,20,40,80 mg L-1) of zinc oxide (ZnO) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoparticles in the dark at 20±2 °C and the primed seeds were exposed to salinity stress (200 mM of NaCl) along with control treatment with distilled water. Our results showed that in terms of all germination characteristics and antioxidant responses there are strong two-way, three-way and four-way interactions among genotypes, NPs, their concentrations and salt treatment (p<0.05). Therefore, when selecting leek genotypes better responding to nanopriming, different NPs with varying concentrations should be considered for better germination especially under stress conditions. The results will also be helpful for homogeneous, rapid germination and stand establishment of vegetable crops which have highly priced seed.
Germination, Leek, Nanoparticles, Nanopriming,
Salinity, Seed priming, Stress.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Abhay Singh, Vivek Singh, Khulakpam Naseeruddin Shah, Deepak Kumar Rana, Dharmendra Kumar Ram
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 258—263, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JZTE8745
How to cite this paper:
Singh, A., Singh, V., Shah, K. N., Rana, D. K., & Ram, D. K. (2025). Screening of Brinjal Genotypes for Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis G.) under Valley Condition of Garhwal Hills. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 258–263. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JZTE8745
The present research was conducted to screen eleven promising genotypes of Brinjal (Long Black Pooja, Long Green, Pant Rituraj, Pant Samrat, Pusa Purple Long, Pusa Uttam, Rajendra–1, Round–1, Srinagar Local, Telangana Local with one checkcultivar Pusa Purple Round) against brinjalshoot and fruit borer and observe their growth, yield, and quality attributes with a comparative level of tolerance under valley condition of Garhwal hill. The minimum shoot borer infestation<4 % and <15% was observed from the genotypes Pusa Purple Long and Long Green respectively and maximum yield 14.25 and 13.31 kg/plot were also recorded in Pusa Purple Long and Long Green respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that the genotype Pusa Purple Long and Long Green were better performers over check Pusa Purple Round. Therefore, these two genotypes i.e., Pusa Purple Long and Long Green indicated significant tolerance against shoot and fruit borer among tested genotypes and can be recommended to enhance the production of Brinjal undervalley condition of Garhwal Hills.
Brinjal, Genotypes, Shoot & Fruit Borer, and Tolerance.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
H. Sivanesh, A. Arun Viveke, R. Azhagu Raj
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 264—274, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IVNR7948
How to cite this paper:
Sivanesh, H., Viveke, A. A., & Raj, R. A. (2025). Microplastic Analysis in Catfish Mystus gulio (Hamilton 1822) and Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) from Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IVNR7948
The microplastics (MPs) are less than 5 mm in length. The freshwater organisms, including fish, can consume microplastics. Here, we investigate the presence of microplastics in Mystus gulio and Oreochromis niloticus fish species. The fishes were collected from Suthamalli, Thamirabarani River, Tirunelveli. We identified the collected fish at the species level, and fish gastrointestinal tracts were dissected and ground with mortar and pestle. Samples were filtered, and dried in sunlight. The presence of microplastic particles was observed by the Olympus (CH20i) microscope. We analyzed the morphological variation (fiber, fragment and bead) and different colored (white, red, blue, brown, black and green) microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of both species. The both fish Mystus gulio and Oreochromis niloticus Hepatosomatic Index (HSI), Gastro-Somatic Index (GSI), Splenosomatic Index (SSI) and Hyperosmotic Index (NSI) were calculated. In this study, MPs present in the gut of Mystus gulio, 33.3% of fiber, 61.90% of fragment, and 4.76% of beads were found. In Oreochromis niloticus, 36.36% of fiber and 63.63% of fragment were found. The isolated fish gut MPs were characterized by ATR-FTIR. The analysis confirmed the presence of polymers like, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyamide (Nylon), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene (PE). Morphometric analysis further revealed that the highest degree of correlation was observed between the total length and the standard length for both fish species. This research provides proof that both fish species are contaminated by the MPs, the river ecosystem is contaminated by plastics.
Microplastics, Mystus gulio, Oreochromis niloticus, Thamirabarni river, Gastrointestinal tract.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
In vitro Regeneration of Wild Begonia palmata D. Don from the Sikkim Himalayas
Bikash Bhattarai, Manju Rana
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 275—281, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DIIU3621
How to cite this paper:
Bhattarai, B., & Rana, M. (2024). In vitro regeneration of wild Begonia palmata D. Don from the Sikkim Himalayas. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 275–281. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DIIU3621
This study attempted to establish an in vitro protocol for Begonia palmata a wild Begonia species native to the Sikkim Himalayas, by employing direct organogenesis with leaf and petiole explants. Shoot buds were directly induced from the cut end of the explants and 80-90 % explants were observed devoid of fungal contamination by using surface disinfectants viz. 15 % NaOCl, 70 % ethanol, and 0.1 % HgCl2 for 30 sec. Shoot initiation was observed after 25.80 ± 1.20 days of culture, explants exhibited adventitious shoots and progressed into the early stage of shoot development. The mean number of shoots per explant and number of plantlets per explant was found higher in MS + 2.0 mg l-1 BAP + 0.5 mg l-1 NAA from leaves explant. The maximum shoot length (6.44 ± 0.28 cm) was recorded in MS + 1.5 mg l-1 BAP + 0.5 mg l-1 NAA from leaves explant. Whereas, MS + 0.1 mg l-1 BAP + 1.0 mg l-1 NAA in petiole explant recorded better root initiation and length results. The protocols described here will be valuable for disease-free propagation, commercial ornamental cultivation, ex situ conservation, and genetic transformation of B. palmata.
Begonia, Conservation, Micropropagation, Ornamental plant.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Moisture-Dependent Some Physical Properties of Selected Food Grains
Vijay Kumar Singh, Shashank Verma, Vipul Chaudhary, Vikas Kumar Singh, Shivam, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Amit Shukla, Ambikesh Yadav
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 282—288, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NMFI3237
How to cite this paper:
Singh, V. K., Verma, S., Chaudhary, V., Singh, V. K., Shivam, Singh, S. K., Shukla, A., & Yadav, A. (2025). Moisture-dependent Some Physical Properties of Selected Food Grains. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 282–288. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NMFI3237
The design of post-harvest equipment is centered on the physical characteristics of agricultural food grains, which are dependent on their moisture content. The physical and engineering properties of materials are decisive in addressing various challenges related to machine design and evaluating how products perform during agricultural processes like handling, planting, harvesting, threshing, cleaning, sorting and drying. In the recent study, numerous physical properties (Bulk density, True density, Porosity, GMD, Sphericity and Surface area) of different food grains (wheat paddy, gram, pigeon pea and pea) were determined at five levels of moisture content i.e. 10%, 13%, 16%, 19% and 22% on wet basis. As the moisture content of food grains increases, their average length (mm), width (mm), thickness (mm), bulk density (kg/m3), true density (kg/m3), porosity (%), geometric mean diameter (mm), sphericity, and surface area (mm2) all show an upward trend.
Moisture content, True density, Bulk density, Sphericity, Surface area.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Varsha, Sushil Kumar Singh
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 289—295, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DEVO7788
How to cite this paper:
Varsha, & Singh, S. K. (2025). Microplastics in Freshwater Ecosystems: Sources, Transport and Ecotoxicological Impacts on Aquatic Life and Human Health. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 289–295. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DEVO7788
Microplastics (MPs) are widespread pollutants in freshwater ecosystems, originating from industrial runoff, urban waste, and agriculture. These particles, ranging from nanometers to millimeters, accumulate in sediments and pose risks to aquatic life. Freshwater organisms ingest MPs, leading to reduced feeding efficiency, growth inhibition, and reproductive toxicity. MPs also act as vectors for toxic chemicals, contributing to bioaccumulation and biomagnification, raising human health concerns. Potential impacts include inflammation, oxidative stress, and chemical exposure. This review explores MP sources, transport mechanisms, and ecotoxicological effects, highlighting the need for further research and effective waste management to mitigate their risks.
Bioaccumulation, Health concern, Freshwater, Ecosystem, Microplastics.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sandeep Guatam, R.R. Kushwaha, Supriya, Manish Kumar, Mahima Priyanka Neerugatti
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 296—302, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FRLF9317
How to cite this paper:
Guatam, S., Kushwaha, R. R., Supriya, Kumar, M., & Neerugatti, M. P. (2025). A Study on Growth and Decomposition Analysis of Area, Production and Yield of Mango in Uttar Pradesh, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 296–302. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FRLF9317
The research was carried out with the aim to know the growth performance, Instability and decomposition analysis of mango in Uttar Pradesh. The objectives of the study were to evaluate growth and instability as well as estimate the area, yield and there interaction on production of Mango in Uttar Pradesh. To fulfil these objectives, secondary data of 30 years (1994-2023) was utilized for analysis and using the statistical tools like CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rates), CV (Coefficient of Variation), Cuddy Della Valle’s Instability Index (CDVI) and decomposition analysis model. The study period was separate into four sub-times i.e. Period 1st from 1994 to 2003, Period 2nd from 2004 to 2013, Period 3rd from 2014 to 2023 and Period 4th from 2014 to 2023 for better understanding. The results depicted that area, production and yield of mango had a positive growth rate during all the study periods. Among the study periods, period 3rd had the highest and significant growth for area with 2.76% per annum of growth rate followed by period 2nd and period 1st. It is clear that mango production was the most instable, with a CVt of 12.52%, followed by yield (8.68%) and the cultivated area (4.53%). Decomposition analysis indicates that, during period 2nd, period 3rd and period 4th, the area impact was the most significant element driving the change in mango production in Uttar Pradesh.
Coefficient of variation, Cuddy Della Valle Index, Decomposition, Growth, Instability.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Anushka Praveen, Megha Rani Maji, Prashant Shukla
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 303—308, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BIMF6696
How to cite this paper:
Praveen, A., Maji, M. R., & Shukla, P. (2025). Unlocking Bioethanol Potential through Novel Combination: Rice Straw Transformation using Alkali Pre-treatment and Subsequent Cellulosic Treatment. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 303–308. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BIMF6696
Cellulose is one of the most abundant carbon-based polymers which can be utilized for biofuel production. Cellulosic material present in any form can be converted into biofuels which depends on the microorganism used in fermentation stage. Cellulose is bound by lignin and hemi-cellulose and tightness of the bond is different in different species therefore different pre-treatment methods can be used for removal of lignin and hemi-celluloses. In our laboratory we successfully showed that pre-treatment of rice straw and treatment of resultant cellulose can be digested by diluted alkalis. The mixture thus gained can be used as raw material of yeast to produce bioethanol. Dried rice straw was collected and brought to the laboratory. The biomass was dried, powdered and mixed with 5% sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The mixture was then again treated with either of the diluted alkalis which converted higher polymers into fermentable sugars. Fermentable sugars were tested using DNS method. Yeast was added to the digested solution and production of ethanol was confirmed by blue green color produced by addition potassium permanganate and sulphuric acid to the fermented mixture. Ethanol was also tested at 210 nm using UV spectrophotometer.
Ethanol, Rice straw, Cellulose, Alkaline pre-treatment, Alkaline treatment, FTIR.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Effect of Sowing Methods on the Performance of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Varieties
Florence, Lanunola Tzudir, Engrala Ao, Debika Nongmaithem, Noyingthung Kikon
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 309—316, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YHIU7883
How to cite this paper:
Florence, Tzudir, L., Ao, E., Nongmaithem, D., & Kikon, N. (2025). Effect of Sowing Methods on the Performance of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Varieties. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YHIU7883
Soybean is one of the most commercially significant beans grown globally. The productivity of soybean cultivation in India varies considerably based on factors such as soil composition, climatic conditions, variety and agricultural practices including sowing methods. A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of School of Agricultural Sciences (SAS), Nagaland University, Medziphema campus, entitled “Effect of sowing methods on the performance of soybean (Glycine max L.) varieties” during the kharif season 2023. The treatments consisted of two sowing methods viz., line sowing and broadcasting and four varieties of soybean viz., RKS-113, MACS-1460, JS 20-116 and JS 97-52 (check variety). The results revealed that line sowing recorded the highest growth and yield attributes, excluding plant population, root dry matter accumulation at 50 DAS, number of nodules plant–1 at 50 DAS, number of seeds pod–1 and test weight. Among the four soybean varieties, JS 20-116 recorded the highest plant population, plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, root length, root dry matter accumulation, nodules plant-1, fresh weight of nodules, dry weight of nodules, number of pods plant–1, number of filled pods plant–1, pod weight plant–1 , seed weight plant–1, length of pod, number of seeds pod–1, test weight, seed yield, stover yield, biological yield and harvest index. However, shelling (%) was found to be higher in JS 97-52. The maximum seed yield and stover yield after JS 20-116 was found to be in RKS-113. Among all the varieties studied, treatment combination of M1V3 i.e., line sowing + JS 20-116 variety recorded the maximum net return and maximum benefit cost ratio over all the treatment combination.
Soybean, Sowing methods, Growth attributes, Yield attributes, Varieties, Economics.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Vipin Kumar, Pramod Kumar Sharma, Bikramaditya, Shiv Bahadur, Deepak Kumar
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 317—326, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/CHOU1110
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, V., Sharma, P. K., Bikramaditya, Bahadur, S., & Kumar, D. (2025). Role of Organic Amendments to Improve Chemical Properties of Chromium Contaminated Alluvial Soil of Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 317–326. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/CHOU1110
Two experiments in pot were conducted in net house during 2015-16 and 2016-17 to assess the efficiency of some organic amendments to improve the chemical properties (Organic carbon, EC, pH, DTPA extractable Cr and nutrients content) of chromium contaminated soils. Five chromium levels with and without organic amendments (vermicompost, farm yard manure and sewage sludge), were applied. Soil dried in shade was ground to sieve by 2 mm and homogenized. 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg doses of chromium and three organic amendments viz., vermicompost (VC) @ 5 t/ha, farm yard manure (FYM) @ 10 t/ha and sewage sludge (Sl) @ 20 t/ha were used. Total 20 treatments viz., T1: Control, T2: 20 ppm Cr, T3: 40 ppm Cr, T4: 60 ppm Cr, T5: 80 ppm Cr, T6: 0 ppm Cr + Sl, T7: 20 ppm Cr + Sl, T8: 40 ppm Cr + Sl, T9: 60 ppm Cr + Sl, T10: 80 ppm Cr + Sl, T11: 0 ppm Cr + FYM, T12: 20 ppm Cr + FYM, T13: 40 ppm Cr + FYM, T14: 60 ppm Cr + FYM, T15: 80 ppm Cr + FYM, T16: 0 ppm Cr + VC, T17: 20 ppm Cr + VC, T18: 40 ppm Cr + VC, T19: 60 ppm Cr + VC and T20: 80 ppm Cr + VC were taken. Results obtained from experiments elaborated that adding of organic amendments significantly improved the organic carbon and nutrients content of soil in comparison with the respective chromium treatment, DTPA extractable Cr in soil significantly decreased with organic amendments. Maximum improvement in chemical properties was reported with the applying vermicompost @ 5 ton/ha over control. FYM and sewage sludge were also found significantly higher over respective chromium treatments. However the improvement in pH and EC was non-significant.
Chemical properties of soil, Chromium, Nutrients content, Organic amendments.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Rajeev Sikka, Simranpreet Kaur Sidhu, Shephali Sachan, Radha Ahuja, Mandeep Kaur, Annu Singh
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 327—338, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GABG3791
How to cite this paper:
Sikka, R., Sidhu, S. K., Sachan, S., Ahuja, R., Kaur, M., & Singh, A. (2025). Effect of Sardar Amin Granules and Bentonite Sulfur on the Productivity of Rice-Based Cropping Systems. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 327–338. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GABG3791
The present study evaluated the impact of Sardar Amin Granules (SAG) and Bentonite Sulfur (BS) on the rice-wheat cropping system, focusing on crop productivity, soil health, and nutrient dynamics for three years (2018-2021). The experiment was conducted on rice based cropping systems viz: Rice-wheat (R-W), Rice-potato-spring maize (R-P-Sp), and Rice-raya-summer moong (R-R-Sm) at research farm, department of soil science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The results revealed that at the end of two-year field experiment, there was increase in the yield of wheat, potato, raya, spring maize, and summer moong crops under the treatment including additional fertilizer sources and recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) combinations as compared to individual RDF doses (T4). The recorded equivalent yield and system productivity also followed the same trend for three years. The maximum nitrogen (N) content was observed after the harvest of wheat under T4 in R-W cropping system, while phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) were observed at the end of R-R-Sm under T6 and R-P-Sp under T8 respectively. These findings highlight the importance of integrating SAG and bentonite sulfur into conventional fertilization programs to enhance productivity and sustain soil fertility in rice-based cropping systems.
Rice, Cropping system, Fertilizer, Soil, Yield, Productivity.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sivakumar K., Kasinatha Pandian P., Meenakshi S. V.
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 339—348, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QBXC4104
How to cite this paper:
Sivakumar, K., Kasinatha, P. P., & Meenakshi, S. V. (2025). Application of Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing for Environmental Assessment using Plankton Data: A Perspective Review. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 339–348. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QBXC4104
The combination of Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing technologies has significantly transformed environmental assessment, namely in the examination of aquatic ecosystems using plankton data analysis. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current techniques and progress in utilizing GIS and Remote Sensing to monitor, environmental changes by using plankton as bio-indicators. Plankton, being highly responsive to changes in the environment, play a vital role in assessing water quality and the overall health of ecosystems. The paper explores different applications, such as mapping the distribution of spatial-temporal patterns, identifying dangerous algal blooms, and evaluating the effects of human activities on aquatic systems. This study has investigates assess and prediction of water quality using GIS techniques. This analysis highlights the capacity of GIS and Remote Sensing to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of environmental monitoring programs and promote the creation of comprehensive strategies for sustainable ecosystem management.
Geographical information system, Plankton, Environmental assessment, Aquatic ecosystems, Bio-indicator.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Heena A. Magodia, Pooja V. Jagasia, Archana P. Kale
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 349—354, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BFFI6744
How to cite this paper:
Magodia, H. A., Jagasia, P. V., & Kale, A. P. (2025). Synergistic effect of Elemental Sulfur Doses and Micronutrient Foliar Application on Growth and Yield of Glycine max L. (Soybean). Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BFFI6744
Soybeans, which are rich in protein, are a major crop for producing edible oil and animal feed. Sustainable soybean production in India faces challenges primarily due to insufficient nutrient management. This study, conducted in the premises of Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers, Mumbai, Maharashtra, assessed the impact of varying sulfur doses combined with the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) and micronutrient foliar spray (Cu 1.0%, Zn 3.0%, Mn 1.0%, Fe 2.5%, B 0.5%, Mo 0.1%) on the growth and yield of Glycine max L. six treatment combinations (T1-T6) in four replicates, the study evaluated RDF alone, RDF with three sulfur doses (15, 30, and 45 kg/ha) plus micronutrients, RDF with sulfur (45 kg/ha), and RDF with micronutrient alone. The treatment combining 45 kg/ha of sulfur with RDF and micronutrients showed superior results, having larger plants (50.32 cm), yielding an average of 42.34 pods per plant with seed weight of 40.17 g per plant. Haulm yield reached 3360 kg/ha, while seed yield was noted 2499.47 kg/ha. Additionally, the oil and protein contents were enhanced, recorded at 19.2% and 41.23% respectively. This treatment underscores the potential for integrated nutrient management to improve soybean yield and quality.
Foliar nutrition, Micronutrient, Protein content, Seed yield, Soybean.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
A. V. Dorlikar, M. R. Thengare
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 355—364, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LGYX1381
How to cite this paper:
Dorlikar, A. V., & Thengare, M. R. (2025). Soil Fertility and Micronutrient Analysis in Different Agroecosystems of Vidarbha Region, Maharashtra, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 355–364. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LGYX1381
This study evaluates the physico-chemical properties and micronutrient composition of soils collected from three distinct agricultural sites in the Vidarbha region of India. The selected sites represent varied land uses: A cotton field in Sunna (Pandharkawda) located in Yavatmal district, a soybean field in Ashoknagar in Amravati district, and garden soil from Naurewal Parsodi in Chandrapur district. Comprehensive soil analyses were conducted to determine key parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, moisture content, water holding capacity, organic and inorganic carbon, as well as the availability of primary nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and secondary micronutrients (magnesium, zinc, ferrous, manganese, boron, calcium, sulfur, copper and sodium). The soil pH values recorded were slightly alkaline at the cotton and soybean sites (7.78 and 7.87 respectively) and slightly acidic to neutral at the garden soil site (6.1), which may influence nutrient solubility and microbial activity. Electrical conductivity was moderate across all sites, indicating balanced ionic concentrations without excessive salinity stress. Although the moisture content ranged modestly between 2.07% and 3.85%, all samples demonstrated a high water holding capacity (71.74% to 74.92%), highlighting their potential for adequate water retention. However, the low organic carbon and organic matter content observed in all samples suggest a possible depletion due to intensive agricultural practices. The analysis of primary macronutrients revealed that nitrogen levels varied between 294 and 410.81 kg/ha, with the cotton field showing the lowest content. Phosphorus availability was also lowest at the cotton site (20.18 kg/ha) and highest in garden soil (42.56 kg/ha), while potassium levels were moderate to high across the stations. Secondary micronutrient assessments indicated that magnesium, manganese, copper and sodium were consistently available at high levels, though discrepancies were noted in ferrous and boron content among the sites. These spatial variations underscore the necessity for site-specific nutrient management strategies. The results of this study, corroborated by extensive literature, underscore the critical need for continuous soil monitoring and the adoption of tailored soil management practices to enhance soil fertility and promote sustainable agricultural production in the Vidarbha region.
Soil physico-chemical properties, Micronutrients, Vidarbha, Nutrient management, Sustainable agriculture.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Impact of Climate Change on Kharif Paddy Crop in Odisha
Pujyasmita Nayak, Sanjeev Dwivedi, Divesh Choudhary, Neha, Samikshya Mishra
Environment and Ecology 43 (1A) : 365—373, January—March 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZHML6564
How to cite this paper:
Nayak, P., Dwivedi, S., Choudhary, D., Neha, & Mishra, S. (2025). Impact of Climate Change on Kharif Paddy Crop in Odisha. Environment and Ecology, 43(1A), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZHML6564
Climate change is one of the leading challenges for agrarian economy. Variability associated with weather parameters like temperature and rainfall largely affect agricultural productivity as well as yield. Odisha is predominantly a rain fed rice ecosystem with 71% rain fed and 29% canal irrigated area. Extremity of climate variability across all scales is the growing concern as it directly affects agricultural production. In the view of increasing sporadic rainfall patterns and mean temperature associated in the current scenario, an attempt has been made to evaluate the potential impact of climatic variations on production and productivity of kharif paddy. Present study has been carried out by considering meteorological data of rainfall, temperature and crop productivity from the year 2006-2022. The meteorological and vegetation data is collected from in-situ sources. The analysis shows that there is a decreasing trend in rainfall (–16.5 mm/season) and an increasing trend in temperature (0.05°C/season) for yearly estimation. The temperature shows the weekly average of 30°C with 0.03°C/week trend, whereas rainfall shows 0.0008 mm/week which shows that the rainfall is having more impact on kharif paddy productivity and health as compare to temperature. Similarly, the area, production and productivity of paddy crop has shown a substantial change reveals that climate has a significant influence on the agricultural production of Odisha. The possible future climate scenarios are found to have a negative impact on the net revenue from agricultural production of Odisha towards the end of the twenty-first century, which call for some policy attention.
Rainfall, Temperature, Climate change, Climate variability, Vegetation indices.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International