Volume 42 (4C) 2024
Rajendiran S., Vassanda Coumar M., Dotaniya M. L., Sinha N. K., Tripathi A. K., Chouhan S. S., Singh V. K., Kundu S.
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 1977—1985, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TVFY4372
How to cite this paper:
Rajendiran, S., Vassanda, C. M., Dotaniya, M. L., Sinha, N. K., Tripathi, A. K., Chouhan, S. S., Singh, V. K., & Kundu, S. (2024). Spatial Variability in Soil Fertility and Quality and its Influence on Crop Yield of Tribal Dominated Dhar District of Central India. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 1977–1985. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TVFY4372
The objective was to assess the soil fertility and quality status and its influence on crop yield in tribal area of central India. Soil samples and yield data were collected from 780 farmers’ fields across the region and analyzed. Soil quality index was calculated adopting a simple minimum dataset of indicators including intrinsic and dynamic soil properties. Further for comparison across the region, relative soil quality index (RSQI) and relative crop yield (RY) parameters were calculated. Soils in the region mostly had clayey (30.8%) and sandy loam (27.4%) texture with neutral to alkaline pH. The soils deficient in organic carbon, available N, P, K, S, Zn and Fe was 57.1%, 83.3%, 37.2%, 3.4%, 68.3%, 18.6% and 4.1%, respectively. More than 40% of soils were at least deficient in three nutrient elements. The soil quality was also poor (69% soils) and moderately poor (21%) categories with RSQI less than 70%. The soil indicators responsible for poor soil quality were shallow soil depth, poor organic C and microbial activity, and deficiency of N, S, P and Zn. The relationship between RY and RSQI was developed using linear regression model resulted in RY= 0.92×RSQI + 9.66 R²=0.33 and was highly positive. This indicated that soil in the study area had poor soil fertility and quality status, and appropriate soil test based balanced integrated nutrient management practices along with soil and water conservative practices in shallow depth hilly terrain soils could restore or enhance the soil quality and improve the crop yield in the region.
Soil fertility, nutrient index, soil organic carbon, soil quality index, relative yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 
Trend Analysis of Groundwater Status in NICRA-AICRPAM Domain Districts and Crop Planning Strategies
Mukesh Dewangan, Bhumika Chandrakar, Vidya Charan Ratre, J. L. Chaudhary
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 1986—1993, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OQLD2699
How to cite this paper:
Dewangan, M., Chandrakar, B., Ratre, V. C., & Chaudhary, J. L. (2024). Trend Analysis of Groundwater Status in NICRA-AICRPAM Domain Districts and Crop Planning Strategies. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 1986–1993. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OQLD2699
The present study was carried out at the Department of Agrometeorology, college of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (CG) during 2019-20. The research was conducted for the two (Bemetara and Kanker) NICRA-AICRPAM districts of the Chhattisgarh. For systematic study 23 years (1996-2018) long term groundwater depth data were collected from Central Ground Water Board, Raipur. The trend analysis of groundwater depth is computed with the help of linear trend line graph method. Outcome of linear trend graph analysis for annual groundwater depth indicates significantly increasing trend for Bemetara and Saja tehsils of Bemetara district and koelibeda tehsil of Kanker district and Durgkodal tehsil of Kanker district is showing significantly decreasing trend. Some tehsils of Bemetara district i.e. Nawagarh, Berla and some tehsils of Kanker district i.e Kanker, Charama are showing non significant decreasing trends while Antagarh, Bhanupratapur and Narharpur tehsils are showing non-significant increasing trends. District wise trend analysis of groundwater depth analysis is showing significant increasing trend of Bemetara district while Kanker district is showing non-significant increasing trend. Significant decreasing trend of Durgkondal teshil of Kanker district indicates that groundwater level is in recharging pattern which is a highly significant feature. The outcome of research will be helpful to determine how much groundwater decreases or increases over the period of twenty-three years (1996-2018). It will help ultimately to decide cropping patterns and accordingly what should be our cropping strategies based on groundwater status and extreme events (Dry and wet spells). On the basis of outcome of trend analysis of groundwater depth crop plans are to be prepared which suggested that the two districts i.e. Bemetara and Kanker have shown depletion of groundwater. Cropping strategies are suggested to grow low water requirement crops instead of existing crops such as maize, rice and sugarcane to cope with groundwater decline. Otherwise we have to prepare groundwater recharge plan fairly so that there is no chronic shortage of even drinking water in near future.
Trend analysis, dry and wet spells, Groundwater depth, Cropping pattern.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sandeep Kumar, Vishal Mehta, K K Mourya, Anil Kumar
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 1994—2003, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MPLN5573
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, S., Mehta, V., Mourya, K. K., & Kumar, A. (2024). Comparative Study of Forecasting for Finger Millet (Ragi) According to their Area and Production in Different States of India through ARIMA Model. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 1994–2003. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MPLN5573
Explains the use of time series modeling ( Box-Ljung test, and ARIMA model) to predict the ragi (Eleusine coracana) production and area in the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka. It was shown that the ARIMA(Autoregressive integrated moving average) model with the best fit was (2,2,1) Furthermore, using our time series data set from 1966–1967 to 2022–2023 and the ARIMA (2,1,2) model, we attempted to ascertain as precisely as possible the future condition of Ragi (Eleusine coracana) for a maximum of ten years. The area of ragi in Karnataka would continue to decline between 2010 and 2015, with occasional increases, according to our examination of yearly data on the crop. For Uttar Pradesh, however, the situation of both area and production revealed.
ARIMA, Finger Millet, Forecasting, Area, and Production.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Earthworms as Biological Tools for Assessing Soil Pollutants
Shweta Gupta, Suresh Kumar
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2004—2014, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SLAN9416
How to cite this paper:
Gupta, S., & Kumar, S. (2024). Earthworms as Biological Tools for Assessing Soil Pollutants. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2004–2014. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SLAN9416
Soil contamination has increased significantly over the last few decades due to anthropogenic activities such as industrial waste disposal, agricultural practices, urbanization, construction, mining and drilling, waste dumping, and lack of regulation and enforcement. These activities cause soil contamination with pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, industrial chemicals, and pathogens. These pollutants disrupt the food chain, contaminate crops and water, and threaten living beings and the environment. To effectively assess soil pollution, it is essential to establish non-hazardous threshold technologies for determining the quantity of pollutants in the soil. A bio-monitoring approach that focuses on metal toxicity and its availability in the soil, as well as its impact on unidentified metabolites, is appropriate. As a major component of soil biota, earthworms play a crucial role in organic matter decomposition and soil reconstruction in terrestrial ecosystems. Several studies have indicated that earthworms can serve as biological tools for monitoring soil pollutants and exhibit stress responses to contaminants. Their density and biomass are significantly affected by local soil pollution because they are directly exposed to the soil environment. This review article summarizes various research studies on how earthworm species function as bioindicators or biomonitors and their response to different soil pollutants. Further research is required to identify the species-specific responses of earthworms and to understand their biochemical, anatomical, physiological, and genetic changes in particular pollutant-contaminated soils. These efforts are aimed at helping us maintain soil health for sustainability.
Bioindicators, Biomonitors, Earthworm, Food chain, Pollutant, Soil biota, Sustainability.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Nick Lalrinmawia, Zodin Puii, Laltlan Chhungi, Mary Lalthansangi, Lalrintluangi Hauhnar, Lalnunthara Chhangte, Lalremruati Hmar, Lalthanpuii Hnamte, Lalengmawia Ralte
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2015—2020, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BOPC5179
How to cite this paper:
Lalrinmawia, N., Puii, Z., Chhungi, L., Lalthansangi, M., Hauhnar, L., Chhangte, L., Hmar, L., Hnamte, L., & Ralte, L. (2024). Composts Prepared from Roadside Weeds as Potential Source of Soil NPK: A Pro-Environmental Solution for Restoration of Degraded Lands. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2015–2020. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BOPC5179
The management of weeds and replenishment of soil is a relevant issue. This study investigates the potential of composts prepared from roadside weeds as a sustainable solution for soil nutrient replenishment and weed management. Compost prepared from four common roadside weeds of NE India —Ageratum conyzoides, Galinsoga parviflora, Mikania micrantha, and Tithonia diversifolia — were added to degraded soils and the changes in Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) levels were measured using Kjeldahl method, Bray No. 1 Extract method and Flame Photometer respectively with results demonstrating a significant increase in soil NPK levels upon higher compost application. Tithonia diversifolia exhibits the highest nutrient enrichment followed by Mikania micrantha, Ageratum conyzoides and Galinsoga parviflora. This study highlights the effectiveness of composts from roadside weeds in enhancing soil fertility and presents a pro-environmental strategy for restoring degraded lands while managing invasive plant species.
Roadside weeds, Compost, Soil nutrient replenishment, Degraded lands, Invasive plant species.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Isha Sharma, Nirmal Sharma, Parshant Bakshi, Mahital Jamwal, Amit Jasrotia, Arti Sharma, Neeraj Kotwal, Sanjeev Kumar Chaudhary
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2021—2029, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YLHA5986
How to cite this paper:
Sharma, I., Sharma, N., Bakshi, P., Jamwal, M., Jasrotia, A., Sharma, A., Kotwal, N., & Chaudhary, S. K. (2024). Character Association Studies among Naturally Occurring Seedling Population of Guava (Psidium guajava L.). Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2021–2029. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YLHA5986
Character association studies in seedling origin guava (Psidium guajava L.) plants growing in Jammu, Samba and Akhnoor areas lying in sub-tropical zone of Jammu region indicated that fruit yield was positively and significantly affected by plant spread, trunk girth, trunk cross sectional area, fruit diameter, fruit weight, fruit volume, number of per fruit, 100 seed weight, seed weight per fruit, pulp weight and percentage. Positive and direct effect on fruit yield was observed with fruit volume, fruit diameter, fruit weight, tree spread, pulp percentage and pulp weight. Positive direct effect of fruit volume, fruit diameter, fruit weight, tree spread and pulp percentage also showed significant and positive correlation with fruit yield, whereas, trunk girth, TCSA, leaf area, seed weight per fruit, 100 seed weight also showed direct effect along with positive correlation on fruit yield suggesting that these traits should be given due importance while selecting a genotype. Principle component analysis grouped 29 morphological and bio-chemical parameters into five major principal components contributing 86.07% of the total variation.
Guava, Psidium guajava, Correlation, Path analysis, PCA.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sandeep Kumar, Vishal Mehta, K. K. Mourya, Anil Kumar
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2030—2036, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QQIP4860
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, S., Mehta, V., Mourya, K. K., & Kumar, A. (2024). A Comprehensive Study on Trend Analysis of Area, Production and Productivity of Major Millets in India. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2030–2036. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QQIP4860
The present study was carried out to estimate the trend value of area, production and productivity and to measure growth rate of major millets viz., Pearl Millet, Sorghum, Finger Millet and Small Millet in India. The secondary data of the area, production and productivity of millets between the periods 1966-67 to 2020-21 has been collected form https://www.milletstats.com/apy-stats/ by using descriptive statistics, simple linear regression and compound growth rate data was analyzed. The overall time series data showed that the cultivation area has been reducing with 5.22% per annum, production and productivity of pearl millet showed that increasing with 2.34% per annum, the area or production in sorghum has been reducing at 3.12%, 2.14% but productivity of sorghum has showed the increasing trend at 1.75%. In case of finger millet, the data showed the reducing trend for are and production at 1.33 or 1.75% and productivity of finger millet showed the increasing trend at 2.22%. The area, production has been reducing 4.86% and productivity of small millet has been increasing. The consumption of millets is less due to awareness about millets in peoples. The study will help to increase the consumption rate of millets and avoid the nutritional deficiency in humans.
Millets, Trend, Area, Production, Productivity.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Pritam Meshram, Kishan Singh Rawat, Vinod Kumar Tripathi
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2037—2043, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HYXU4637
How to cite this paper:
Meshram, P., Rawat, K. S., & Tripathi, V. K. (2024). Sentinel-1A Data Analysis for Rice Classification Utilizing Random Forests and Support Vector Machine. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2037–2043. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HYXU4637
Rice is known to be one of the most important crops in India and many other nations, particularly in Asia, therefore accurate rice area estimation has an important role in many activities, ranging from human nutrition to environmental concerns. As a result, the determination of cultivation area remains a hot topic among researchers from numerous disciplines, planners, and decision makers. Using Sentinel-1A SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellite data, this study attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of random forest (RF) and support vector machines (SVM) algorithms for rice crop classification. According to the findings, rice fields can easily be distinguished from other crops in the research area by using the temporal characteristics of the rice crop as reflected in the VH backscatter patterns. The total precision and Kappa coefficient produced by RF showed 85.7% and 0.74, respectively, when the classification outcomes were compared to the ground reference data. These values were somewhat higher than those obtained by SVM (81.2% overall accuracy and 0.68 Kappa coefficient). The government’s rice area statistics were used to compare the analysis results; the relative difference in rice area for RF and SVM, respectively, came out to be +1.40% and -4.63%. In summary, the RF algorithm is highly recommended for the accurate differentiation of rice fields from neighbouring classes in conditions of identical climate, soil, and topography with similar methods of cultivation. On the other hand, Sentinel-1A SAR provides a valuable data set at cost-free for similar studies.
Sentinel-1A, Rice classification, Random forest (RF), VH Backscatter, Support vector machine (SVM).
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Mrigangka Malakar, Sanchita Boruah
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2044—2052, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YEAZ9212
How to cite this paper:
Malakar, M., & Boruah, S. (2024). Assessment of ecosystem health of an effluent receiving wetland Etila beel (Assam) India using aquatic insect as bioindicator. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2044–2052. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YEAZ9212
An assessment of ecosystem health of an effluent receiving floodplain wetland, Etila beel (26º08/- 26o10/ N and 92º08/ – 92º11/ E) of Kamrup Metro district, Assam, India was carried out using aquatic insects as bioindicator during September, 2013 to August 2016. Insects were collected from five sites (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) in four different season’s viz., Post-Monsoon (PM1): September, October and November and Winter (W): December, January, and February. Pre-Monsoon (PM2): March, April, and May, Monsoon (M): June, July, and August. Aquatic insects were collected from the selected sites by Kick Sampling method. From the investigation, higher FBI values, lower BMWPTHAI score, lower ASPT score in the sampling stations of Etila beel had observed, which indicates poor ecosystem health status of the wetland. These indices can be used as measuring tools for evaluating the ecosystem health status of any aquatic ecosystem suffering from environmental pollution. The harmful pollutants of the nearby paper industry, which were directly discharged in the wetland adversely impacted the entire beel ecosystem. However, it needs to be mentioned that, the aforesaid paper mill is in a non-functional state since March 2017, it is hoped that the water condition of Etila beel has improved since then.
Aquatic insect, ecosystem health, bioindicator, FBI values, BMWPTHAI score, ASPT score.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Naresh Kumar, S.K. Intodia, Ronak Kuri
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2053—2057, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YPNP1463
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, N., Intodia, S. K., & Kuri, R. (2024). Potential Effect of Biochar Application on Nutrient Content and Uptake of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Water Stress Condition. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2053–2057. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YPNP1463
A field experiment was conducted at Instructional Agronomy Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur (Rajasthan) during rabi, 2021–2022 to assess the effect of water stress and biochar on nutrient content and uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment consists of four levels of water stress (Control, water stress at tillering, water stress at flowering and water stress at grain filling) as main-plot and four levels of biochar (Control, 2, 3 and 4 t ha-1) as sub-plot conducted in split plot design (SPD) replicated thrice. The experiment results revealed that with no water stress (Control) wheat crop content highest quantum of nutrients i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by grain (1.849, 0.350 and 0.476 %) and straw (0.443, 0.1368 and 1.774 %). Biochar application at 4 t ha-1 recorded significantly higher quantum of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by grain (101.22, 19.08 and 26.22 kg ha-1), straw (31.15, 9.47 and 126.27 kg ha-1) and total (132.37, 28.55 and 152.49 kg ha-1). It is statistically on par with biochar 3 t ha-1 application.
Biochar, Wheat, Water stress, Nutrient uptake, Content.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Effect of Foliar Nutrition on Growth and Yield of Sesame in Cauvery Delta Zone of Tamil Nadu
J. Jijo Jeberson, S. Ramesh, G. Baradhan, P. Sudhakar, C. Kalaiyarasan, M. Dhayanethi
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2058—2062, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KKTY3577
How to cite this paper:
Jeberson, J. J., Ramesh, S., Baradhan, G., Sudhakar, P., Kalaiyarasan, C., & Dhayanethi, M. (2024). Effect of Foliar Nutrition on Growth and Yield of Sesame in Cauvery Delta Zone of Tamil Nadu. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2058–2062. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KKTY3577
In 2024, a field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, to study the effects of foliar nutrition on the growth and yield of sesame in a garden land ecosystem. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with eleven treatments, each replicated three times. The sesame variety TMV 4 was chosen for the study. The treatments involved foliar applications of macronutrients like DAP, KCl, and NPK (19:19:19), along with micronutrients such as ZnSO4 and MnSO4, applied both individually and in combinations at 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS). The growth and yield of sesame viz., plant height (38.74, 96.68, 115.36 cm), number of branches per plant (6.36), dry matter production (671, 1478, 2190 kg ha-1), seed yield (877 kg ha-1) and stalk yield (1885 kg ha-1) were notably increased with the foliar application of 2% DAP, 0.5% KCl, 0.5% ZnSO4, and 0.5% MnSO4 at 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) (T8).
DAP, DMP, Foliar nutrition, KCl, MnSO4, Number of branches, Plant height, Sesame, Biological yield, ZnSO4.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Dharmendra Meena, Arjun Lal Bijarnia, Ratan Lal Sharma, Gharsiram
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2063—2067, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/CUJH9293
How to cite this paper:
Meena, D., Bijarnia, A. L., Sharma, R. L., & Gharsiram. (2024). Influence of Nutrient Foliar Application on Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) under the Arid Condition of Western Rajasthan. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2063–2067. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/CUJH9293
Linseed, one of the oldest and most valuable plants, is cultivated for both oilseeds and fiber. Despite its significant nutritional and industrial importance, there has been little research on the impact of foliar nutrition and the timing of its application throughout the day on the plant’s morpho-physiological characteristics. Therefore, a two-year field experiment on linseed crop was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Keshwana, Jalore (Rajasthan) to study the effect of foliar application of Nitrogen, Sulfur, Boron, Zinc and a growth promoter-triacontanol on growth and yield attributes of linseed. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and 12 treatments. These nutrients were applied individually (2% triacontanol, 2% urea, 0.2% boron , 0.5% zinc, 2% sulfur ) as well as in combination with each other like 2% triacontanol + 0.2% boron + 0.5% zinc, 2% triacontanol + 0.5% zinc + 2% sulfur, 2% triacontanol + 2% urea + 0.5% zinc, 2% triacontanol + 2% urea + 0.2% boron, 2% triacontanol + 2% urea + 2% sulfur, 2% triacontanol + 2% urea + 0.2% boron + 0.5% zinc + 2% sulfur. The results revealed that the plant height (cm), Branches per plant, Dry matter accumulation, Capsules per plant and seed yield were reported maximum under foliar application of 2% triacontanol + 2% urea + 0.2% boron + 0.5% zinc + 2% sulfur over the control during the investigation. It has been concluded that foliar application of growth hormones and nutrients were enhance the growth parameters and yield attributes of linseed resulted higher seed yield.
Linseed, urea, triacontanol, foliar application, sulfur.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Seasonal Incidence of the Guava Fruit Fly, Bactrocera spp. in Talwandi Sabo, Punjab
Ajaypal Singh, Khushwinder Singh, Baljinder singh
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2068—2074, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HMFA2674
How to cite this paper:
Singh, A., Singh, K., & Singh, B. (2024). Seasonal Incidence of the Guava Fruit Fly, Bactrocera spp. in Talwandi Sabo, Punjab. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2068–2074. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HMFA2674
The current study entitled “Seasonal incidence of guava fruit fly, Bactrocera spp. were carried out during both rainy and winter season at farmer’s field at village Talwandi Sabo, District Bathinda, Punjab during 2018-19. The maggot population of guava fruit fly, Bactrocera spp. started appearing from 2nd week of July (2.83 maggots/infested fruit) reaching its peak in 2nd week of August (26.17 maggots/infested fruit). During winter season, the maggot population was at its peak during 4th week of October (12.62 maggots/infested fruit). During termination phase of winter crop season, a low maggot population i.e. 2.2 and 2.25 maggots/infested fruit were recorded in 2nd and 3rd week of March, respectively. The fruit infestation in rainy season guava due to fruit fly ranged from 40 to 86.67% on number basis while 34.53 to 83.33% on weight basis, being highest during 4th week of August and lowest during 2nd week of July both on number basis and weight basis. During winter season guava, the highest fruit infestation due to fruit fly i.e. 86.67 and 75.52% on number basis and weight basis, respectively was recorded during last week of October.
Guava, Fruit fly, Maggot population, Bactrocera spp.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Simarjeet Kaur, Vandana Sisodia, Anjana Sisodia, Anil Kumar Singh
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2075—2080, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MBTM6745
How to cite this paper:
Kaur, S., Sisodia, V., Sisodia, A., & Singh, A. K. (2024). Assessment of Growth and Bulb Attributing Characters Influenced by Different Doses of EMS in Tuberose. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2075–2080. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MBTM6745
The present investigation entitled assessment of growth and bulb attributing characters influenced by different doses of EMS in tuberose was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi during 2022- 2023.The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Bulbs of twenty tuberose varieties were treated with 600 ppm and 1200 ppm of EMS concentration along with untreated bulbs (control). The data on growth parameters indicated that early sprouting was found in treatment of EMS @ 600 ppm than control and higher concentration of chemical mutagen. Plant height and number of leaves/plants were decreased with the higher concentration of EMS and maximum plant height and number of leaves were recorded in control. In general, there was significant rise in weight of bulb and bulbils in all varieties treated with higher dose of EMS as compared to untreated bulbs (control). The chemical mutagen EMS @ 600 ppm was found effective for weight of bulbils/hill and resulted in maximum number of bulbils. The number of bulbils/hill and diameter of bulb were adversely affected due to higher concentration. Maximum number of bulbils/hill and diameter of bulb were recorded with untreated bulbs (control). However, weight of bulb/hill was positively influenced by higher dose of EMS. Varieties Arka Nirantara, Prajwal and Bidhan Snigdha were resulted in positively growth in all yield attributes whereas, among the varieties Vaibhav found more sensitive to EMS treatment and resulted in very poor performance in all growth and bulb attributes.
Growth attributes, Bulb attributes, Tuberose, Spike, Florets, EMS.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Combining Ability and Gene Action for Yield Traits for Selected Crosses of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Balasubramanian M, S. Vennila
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2081—2085, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BKKT2598
How to cite this paper:
Balasubramanian, M., & Vennila, S. (2024). Combining Ability and Gene Action for Yield Traits for Selected Crosses of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2081–2085. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BKKT2598
Combining ability analysis for yield and yield components in some important rice germplasm through line x tester analysis of 24 intervarietal crosses developed by crossing 4 testers with 6 lines. The 24 crosses were grown in a randomized block design with three replications and were evaluated for grain yield per plant and other yield components. The experiments were conducted at the Department of Plant breeding and genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University. Analysis of variance for line x tester revealed highly significant differences between the characters studied. The mean squares ratio of GCA and SCA were below one for all the characters studied. This might be due to the effect of non-additive gene action. The estimates of gca performance indicated that the lines viz., ADT – 37, ADT – 45, ADT – 43 and the testers viz., Kuzhi Adichan, Kalurundai Samba and Kalanmak are good general combiners for grain yield per plant. The best sca performance were observed in the crosses, ADT – 45 x Kalurundai Samba and ADT – 37 x Kalurundai Samba.
Additive, Crosses, General combining ability, Germplasm, Non-additive, Specific combining ability.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Electrokinetic Remediation of Saline Agricultural Land using Solar Energy
Aminul Islam, Sushil Kumar Kothari, Biswajit Ghosh, Krishna Kishore Satapathy, Tanuj Kumar Mandal, Shankha Koley
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2086—2093, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZLFZ5391
How to cite this paper:
Islam, A., Kothari, S. K., Ghosh, B., Satapathy, K. K., Mandal, T. K., & Koley, S. (2024). Electrokinetic Remediation of Saline Agricultural Land using Solar Energy. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2086–2093. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZLFZ5391
High salinity reduces soil productivity and crop yields, which is a significant problem in agricultural fields, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. The technique that would seem to have been promising for stripping away salt and restoring soil health is electrokinetic soil remediation (ESR). To understand ESR, this study investigates the use of a solar-powered direct current (DC) system focuses on monitoring important soil chemical parameters like pH and electrical conductivity (EC) throughout the experiment. The ESR study has performed for in-situ agricultural field with graphite electrodes for 0-15 cm depth soil. The system’s intent was ions to pass enhanced desalination by having caused through the soil medium through the application of electric field. The soil sample collected in 15-day intervals till 75 days from starting the experiment and the soil samples were analyzed in laboratory form finding changes. The results show that pH usually decreases near the anode and increases near the cathode, a pattern attributed to complex electrokinetic phenomena within the soil, including pore solution electrolysis. Also, it has been found that higher EC values near the electrodes indicate the migration of chemicals and dissolved salts towards the oppositely charged electrodes during treatment. Solar-powered electrokinetic remediation offers a sustainable and efficient way to reclaim saline soils, promoting soil health and agricultural productivity in affected areas. This ESR method can utilize renewable energy and real-time monitoring for economic and ecological benefits.
Electrokinetic remediation, saline soils, solar DC, pH, electrical conductivity, soil desalination, sustainable agriculture.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
P. Sivagami, M. Thamarai Selvi
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2094—2098, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XJZK5585
How to cite this paper:
Sivagami, P., & Selvi, M. T. (2024). Studies on the Incidence of Dry Root Rot in Peanut Growing Areas of Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri and Karur Districts of Tamil Nadu and in vitro Assessment of Saltation Characters of Macrophomina phaseolina Syn (Rhizoctonia bataticola). Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2094–2098. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XJZK5585
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is a self-pollinated oilseed crop commonly called as Manila nut, Monkey nut, Peanut, Earthnut. They are packed with proteins, essential amino acids, fatty acids and various other micro and macro nutrients. But the production and the quality of the oil from the groundnut is hampered by the dry root rot incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Syn. Rhizoctonia bataticola) which causes havoc to the farmers in major groundnut growing areas of Tamil Nadu. Confronting this issue, the current research was undertaken with an objective to examine the prevalence and the incidence of dry root rot in groundnut across major peanut-growing regions of Karur, Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri districts in Tamil Nadu, India during 2023-24, along with evaluating the cultural characteristics among isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina. Roving survey was conducted across multiple locations in the Karur, Krishnagiri, and Dharmapuri districts revealed the widespread presence of charcoal rot in groundnut crops, with varying incidence levels across different soil types and cultivation practices. The highest incidence was reported in Nedungal (MP4), Krishnagiri district, at 30.16%. Disease prevalence was higher in improved cultivars such as VRI-2 and CO types, particularly in sandy loam and loamy sand soils with rainfed conditions. Macrophomina phaseolina isolates showed substantial cultural heterogeneity among the investigated locations. Some colonies developed sclerotia, while others did not, and colony colours ranged from deep black to greyish black, with different degrees of pigmentation observed at 7 days after inoculation (DAI).
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), Dry root rot, Macrophomina phaseolina, Charcoal rot, Cultural variability.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Saurabh Singh, Shambhoo Prasad, Vandna Kushwaha, Prabhat Kumar Singh, Ashish Kumar, Alok Kumar Singh, Shweta Gupta
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2099—2105, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ENDA1922
How to cite this paper:
Singh, S., Prasad, S., Kushwaha, V., Singh, P. K., Kumar, A., Singh, A. K., & Gupta, S. (2024). To Study the Response Terminal Water Stress on Physio- Biochemical Changes in Drought Tolerant and Drought Sensitive Rice Genotypes. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2099–2105. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ENDA1922
A pot experiment was conducted during kharif season 2022 with two rice genotypes IR 64 (drought sensitive) and Nagina 22 (drought tolerant) to evaluate physio-biochemical changes under terminal water stress condition in department of Molecular biology and Biotechnology, Acharya Narendra deva University of agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya 224229, Uttar Pradesh, India. The water treatment of 14 days was given at initiation of flowering under pot culture treatments. Leaf rolling pattern, Relative water Content (RWC), Chlorophyll content, Proline content, catalase and Peroxidase activity were recorded at the end of water stress against control condition. The Nagina 22 had less leaf rolling, high RWC, high proline content, catalase and peroxidase activity under water stress condition and showed less reduction in days to 50% flowering, effective tillers number, grains panicle-1, test weight and grain yield plant-1 under water stress condition comparatively IR 64 rice genotype. The Transient leaf rolling, high RWC, stay green, accumulation of high proline content, high catalase activity at terminal stage water stress responsible for less reduction yield and yield contributing traits can be taken as physio-biochemical indices for screening water stress tolerant in rice genotypes.
Water stress, Catalase, Proline, Tolerance, Yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Panuganti Swaraj kumar, S. Kalaisudarson, A. Sundari, S. Srinivasan
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2106—2110, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BNEY9448
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, P. S., Kalaisudarson, S., Sundari, A., & Srinivasan, S. (2024). Efficiency of Integrated Weed Management Strategies on Weed Dynamics in Transplanted Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana). Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2106–2110. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BNEY9448
To evaluate the effects of different weed management techniques on the dynamics of weeds in transplanted finger millet, a field experiment was conducted from January to April 2023 at the Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. Nine treatments and three replications were used in the randomized block design experiment. The experimental treatments are T1– Unweeded control, T2– Two hand weeding on 10 DAT and on 25 DAT, T3– Pendimethalin 30% EC @ 750g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAT + one hand weeding on 25 DAT, T4-Pendimethalin 30 % EC @ 750g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAT + Intercrop (Blackgram), T5– Pendimethalin 30% EC @ 750g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAT + mulching (Sugarcane trash) on 21 DAT, T6– Bensulfuron methy l 0.6% + pretilachlor 6% G @ 660 g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAT + one hand weeding on 25 DAT, T7– Bensulfuron methy l 0.6% + pretilachlor 6% G @ 660 g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAT+ Intercrop (Blackgram), T8– Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6% G @ 660 g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAT + mulching (Sugarcane trash) on 21 DAT and T9– One hand weeding on 10 DAT+ Bispyribac Sodium 10% SC @ 25 g a.i ha-1 on 25 DAT. According to the study’s findings, pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin 30% EC @ 750g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAT and intercropping of blackgram in transplanted finger millet showed the lowest total weed population, lowest total weed biomass, and highest weed control efficiency.
Finger millet, blackgram, weed population, weed biomass, weed control efficiency.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Saurabh Pal, Shambhoo Prasad, Ramu Kumar, Vandna Kushwaha, Ahmar Rashid Khan, Shweta Gupta, Piyusha Singh
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2111—2116, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LNZL4522
How to cite this paper:
Pal, S., Prasad, S., Kumar, R., Kushwaha, V., Khan, A. R., Gupta, S., & Singh, P. (2024). The Influence of Terminal High Temperature Stress on Membrane Stability, Chlorophyll Content, Canopy Temperature and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) Genotypes. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2111–2116. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LNZL4522
Wheat genotypes Halna, HD2967, K911, K9006, NW 1014 and HD 2733 were grown in field condition in differential date of sowing for detection genetic variability for high temperature tolerance traits in wheat during Rabi season 2021-22. The high temperature stress was given to wheat genotypes by 60 days late from normal sowing (15 November) for exposing terminal stage of crop under high temperature stress. The high temperature stress significantly influenced membrane stability index (MSI), canopy temperature depression (CTD), total chlorophyll content and ultimately grain yield irrespective of wheat varieties. The high MSI, CTD and less reduction in chlorophyll were recorded in Halna, K911and NW 1014. It is also linked with long stay green duration at grain filling stage. The maximum percent reduction in total chlorophyll content and grain yield were observed in HD2967, HD2733 and K9006 as it showed low MSI and CTD under high temperature stress. The high Catalase and Peroxidase activities were appeared in Halna, K 911 and NW 1014 over other varieties under high temperature. The high MSI and CTD had positive correlation with grain yield. Therefore, high MSI, CTD, Catalase, Peroxidase activity and long green duration can be used as physiological traits for evaluating wheat varieties for high temperature tolerance.
Heat, terminal stress, genotypes, membrane stability, yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
C. Prabakar, K. Sita Devi, S. M. Suresh Kumar, P. Stalin, R. Singaravel
Environment and Ecology 42 (4C) : 2117—2130, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RYFP8787
How to cite this paper:
Prabakar, C., Devi, K. S., Kumar, S. M. S., Stalin, P., & Singaravel, R. (2024). Remodelling of Existing Cropping System towards Risk Optimization in Cauvery Delta Zone of Tamil Nadu. Environment and Ecology, 42(4C), 2117–2130. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RYFP8787
This study explores the challenges faced by farmers in the cauvery delta zone of Tamil Nadu, an area highly vulnerable to drought and flooding. The traditional reliance on mono-cropping, especially paddy, has made farmers more susceptible to risks posed by uncertain water availability and climate variability. The study aims to develop a risk-optimized, crop-diversified alternative cropping system using the Minimization of Total Absolute Deviation (MOTAD) model. Through a stratified random sampling, 600 farmers were selected across five agronomically and socio-economically homogeneous village clusters, to capture the diversity of cropping patterns and irrigation sources. The results revealed that, the degree of farm-level crop diversification was much low in the study area. The MOTAD model integrates risk considerations into farm planning by balancing profit maximization and risk minimization. The findings suggest alternative cropping systems, which include combinations of Paddy, Banana, Coconut-Pepper and low-water-intensive crops such as Brinjal, Bhendi, Maize, Cotton, Marigold and Tuberose. The findings emphasize the need for awareness among farmers about crop diversification as a risk mitigation strategy and suggest that agricultural extension agencies should promote the adoption of these diversified cropping systems. By evolving cluster-specific cropping plans, the study proposes a sustainable approach to enhance the resilience of farming in the Cauvery delta zone.
Agricultural risk, Crop diversification, MOTAD model, Cropping system.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International