Volume 42 (4A) 2024
Studies on Integrated Nutrient Management on Onion (Allium cepa L.) cv Agrifound Light Red
Narendra Kumar, Ramesh Chand Meena, Mayaram, Razauddin, Sudhanshu Verma, Sutanu Maji
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1659—1663, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/CWJD2355
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, N., Meena, R. C., Mayaram, Razauddin, Verma, S., & Maji, S. (2024). Studies on Integrated Nutrient Management on Onion (Allium cepa L.) cv Agrifound Light Red. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1659–1663. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/CWJD2355
Because of intensive farming, the INM system is now essential, due to the high cost of chemical fertilizers, unbalanced NPK use and deterioration of soil health and to minimize health hazards. The present experiment has been planned at Lucknow subtropical area with a sandy loam less fertile soil with higher pH of around 8.2. It has 10 treatments (Control 100% RDF, 100% FYM, 100% PSB, 75% NPK + 25% FYM, 50% NPK + 50% FYM, 25% NPK + 75% FYM, 75% NPK + 25% PSB, 50% NPK + 50% PSB, 25% NPK + 75% PSB) laid out at RBD with three replication. Seeds of onion variety Agrifound Light Red were treated with 0.02% thiram to check the infection of damping off and seedlings were transplanted after seven weeks at 20 cm × 10 cm spacing on 1m × 1m plot accommodating 45 plants in a plot. The results revealed that among the various treatments, the application of 75% RDF + 25% FYM showed better vegetative growth, bulb yield, and improved bulb physico-chemical quality.
Onion, INM, Growth, Yield, Quality.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 
Anjali Taku, Lanunola Tzudir, Shivani Kumari, Merentoshi, Sabbithi Pavan
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1664—1669, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UXXA2252
How to cite this paper:
Taku, A., Tzudir, L., Kumari, S., Merentoshi, & Pavan, S. (2024). Effect of Organic Weed Management Techniques on Weeds Infestation, Productivity and Profitability of Summer Blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) under Midhill Conditions of Nagaland. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1664–1669. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UXXA2252
Field experiment was conducted during the zaid season of 2022 in black gram crop (Var PU-31) at Agronomy research farm of School of Agricultural Sciences (SAS), Nagaland University, Medziphema Campus, Nagaland. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design comprised of seven weed management treatments, viz. T1: Weedy check (Control), T2: Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, T3: Cardboard mulching, T4: Paddy straw mulching @ 5 t ha-1, T5: Saw dust mulching @ 5 t ha-1, T6: Linseed stover mulching @ 5 t ha-1 and T7: Farmer’s practice and was replicated thrice. Weed flora observations showed that Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus viridis, Commelina bengalensis, Phyllanthus niruri and Mimosa pudica were dominant broad leaved weeds, Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus iria were dominant among sedges and Cynodon dactylon, Eleusine indica and Echinochloa colonum were dominant among grassy weeds in the blackgram field. The experimental results revealed that treatment with hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS gave maximum decline in weed populations and weed dry weight which was at par with paddy straw mulching @ 5 t ha-1. Hence, hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS recorded the highest weed control efficiency among all the treatments as well as it produced highest yield and was at par with paddy straw mulching @ 5 t ha-1. Paddy straw mulching @ 5 t ha-1 gave the highest B:C ratio (1.42) among all the treatments and thus was found to be most economically sound treatment of summer black gram among all.
Blackgram, Economics, Growth, Mulching, Weeds, Yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Quinoa’s (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Nutraceutical Properties and Traditional Lore
Pratiksha Raj, Arunima Paliwal
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1670—1676, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MUIP3692
How to cite this paper:
Raj, P., & Paliwal, A. (2024). Quinoa’s (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Nutraceutical Properties and Traditional Lore. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1670–1676. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MUIP3692
Quinoa, the ancient Andean grain, has evolved into a superfood celebrated for its medicinal and nutraceutical properties. Rooted in the cultural heritage of indigenous communities like the Quechua and Aymara, quinoa’s history reaches back to 5000 B.C., and it was esteemed by the Incas as the “Mother Grain.” Today, its cultivation is prominent in countries such as Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, its worldwide presence keeps growing. Quinoa’s remarkable versatility and nutrient density make it a valuable agricultural resource. Thriving in challenging environments, from high altitudes to freezing climates, it offers a wide array of health benefits. Abundant in protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, essential minerals, and vitamins, quinoa stands as a comprehensive source of vital nutrients. Notably, its amino acid profile, featuring high lysine and methionine levels, sets it apart, and its gluten-free nature accommodates various dietary preferences. Quinoa’s phytochemical composition comprises polyphenols, flavonoids and saponins. While saponins may introduce a hint of bitterness, they also harbour potential health advantages, including anti-fungal properties. Its rich mineral content, notably iron, calcium, and phosphorus, enhances its nutritional value. Additionally, quinoa provides essential vitamins such as B6, folic acid, biotin, and vitamin E, surpassing conventional cereal grains in these aspects. Quinoa is a versatile and nutritious grain, offering a unique blend of attributes that confer a multitude of health benefits. Beyond being a core ingredient in the Andean diet, it holds promise as a valuable food source with medicinal and nutraceutical potential, enriching global agriculture and nutrition.
Quinoa, Ancient grain, Medicinal, Nutraceutical, Orthomolecular, Anti-aging.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Balasubramanian M., S. Vennila
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1677—1687, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZANZ3740
How to cite this paper:
Balasubramanian, M., & Vennila, S. (2024). Comprehensive Evaluation of Rice Genotypes for Salt Tolerance: In vitro Screening, Association Studies and Principal Component Analysis. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1677–1687. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZANZ3740
Rice is an important staple crop of most of the people around the world. The production of rice is affected mainly by salinity in coastal lines. In the present study correlation and path analysis and principal component analysis is done for eight yield attributing traits to find out the genotypes for saline tolerance and decide on what trait basis the selection could be done. Correlation analysis showed that essential yield- related traits are plant height, panicle length, total number of tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant, number of grains per plant, and 1000 seed weight as they are positively significantly correlated with grain yield. Path analysis showed that all the traits had positive indirect effect on each other’s except days to 50% flowering and plant height indicating these two characters do not contribute much on yield. The highest positive direct effect on grain yield was obtained by number of grains per plant followed by 1000 seed weight and number of productive tillers per plant. Principal component analysis was performed for eight traits which showed PC1 and PC2 has eigen value greater than 1. The eigen value of PC1 and PC2 are 3.24 and 1.16 respectively. Percentage of variance for the two factors are 40.5% and 14.5% together accounting 55% of variability of the genotypes used for the study. The genotypes Kuzhi adichan, Kalanamak, Kalurundai samba, Vaikunda, Kalarpalai, Kottara samba, Illapai poo samba and Palkodai Valai which were tolerant to salinity and the genotypes ADT 37, ADT 39, ADT 42, ADT 43, ADT 45, ADT 47 which were susceptible to salinity were identified from PCA biplot and can be used for further breeding program.
Correlation analysis, Path analysis, Eigen value, Principal component analysis, PCA biplot.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Survey and Identification of Fungal Plant Diseases on Major Crops in Lunglei District of Mizoram
L. H. Jonathan Vanlalruata, Hijam Meronbala Devi
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1688—1698, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KHRO7188
How to cite this paper:
Vanlalruata, L. H. J., & Devi, H. M. (2024). Survey and Identification of Fungal Plant Diseases on Major Crops in Lunglei District of Mizoram. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1688–1698. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KHRO7188
A survey work on fungal diseases of major crops in Lunglei district, Mizoram was undertaken in farmers’ field during kharif season of 2021, using visual assessment method, in which pictorial representation of the host plant with known and graded amount of disease are compared with disease leaves to allow estimation of disease incidence, by measuring intensity of the pathogen with the help of disease grading scales. The disease samples collected from the farmers’ field were brought in the laboratory where identification of pathogen was done based on their morphological characters under the microscope. The Disease Incidence (DI) was recorded from the three blocks of Lunglei district viz. Lunglei block, Lungsen block and W. Bunghmun block. The Disease Incidence (DI) of brown spot of rice (37.22%), Narrow brown spot of rice (19.43%), Southern corn leaf blight (37.77%), Cercospora leaf spot of chilli (40.54%), Ginger leaf spot (32.21%), Banana black sigatoka (48.32%), and Sugarcane eye spot (33.32%) were highest in W. Bunghmun block. While, incidence of Anthracnose of chilli (19.43%) and Black spot of citrus (26.66%) were highest in Lunglei block. Percent Disease Index (PDI) was also recorded from the same blocks of Lunglei district. The Percent Disease Index of Brown spot of rice (14.07), Narrow brown spot of rice (7.34), Southern corn leaf blight (22.55), Cercospora leaf spot of chilli (16.54), Ginger leaf spot (11.55), Black sigatoka (21.10), Black spot of citrus (10.67) and Sugarcane eye spot (16.04) were highest in W. Bunghmun block. However, PDI of Anthracnose of chilli (4.37) was recorded highest in Lunglei block.
Disease incidence, Fungal diseases, Scales, Visual assessment method.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Monalisha Borthakur, M. Gopal Singha
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1699—1710, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/EAHR1611
How to cite this paper:
Borthakur, M., & Singha, M. G. (2024). Measuring Agricultural Sustainability of Jorhat District, Assam: Applying Composite Indicators Approach. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1699–1710. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/EAHR1611
The diverse geoecological setting of Jorhat district has it’s impact on the agricultural sector of the area. The purpose of the study is to assess the micro-geoecological zone-wise variation in the status of agricultural sustainability of the district. To analyze agricultural sustainability, a composite indicators approach has been adopted. 36 indicators have been selected covering economic, social, and environmental aspects of agricultural sustainability. The study covers 340 households from 24 villages in the district. The Agricultural Sustainability Index, based on selected indicators, shows that among the three geoecological zones, the Northern Floodplain Zone has the highest agricultural sustainability (index score 0.478) whereas, the Undulating Flood free Zone records the lowest agricultural sustainability (index score 0.418) in the district. The highest economic security (index score 0.539), social security (index score 0.456), and environmental sustainability (index score 0.440) of the Northern Floodplain Zone favor to maintain agricultural sustainability. The study tries to give a new insight into household and village-level agricultural sustainability measurement based on various site- specific indicators.
Agricultural sustainability measurement, Composite indicators approach, Agricultural sustainability index, Jorhat
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Pulivathi Jeeshitha, Sam A. Masih, Ann Maxton
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1711—1719, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XGYP7465
How to cite this paper:
Jeeshitha, P., Masih, S. A., & Maxton, A. (2024). Bacillus cereus: An eco-friendly Alternative for Inducing Salinity Tolerance and Augmenting Plant Growth in Vigna radiata L.. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1711–1719. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XGYP7465
The biggest global obstacle to agricultural productivity and food security is crop stress exposure. Osmotic stressors such as salinity cause a plant’s outer roots to experience elevated osmotic pressure, which lowers the plant’s ability to absorb water. Rhizospheric microorganisms used in seed priming improve soil fertility and restore agro-ecological equilibrium. During current study mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), a significant legume crop’s genotypes were treated with isolated rhizospheric Bacillus cereus against salinity stress to study genetic variability. Among the selected genotypes, IC- 119604, IC- 22456, IC- 282079, and IC- 38995 were discovered to be high seed yielders. The variables with the highest PCV and GCV were the biological yield. Seed yield recorded highest positive significant correlation with harvest index followed by number of pods per cluster, number of clusters per plant, and biological yield. The critical estimation of path coefficient analysis direct effects indicates that the number of primary branches had the highest direct and positive effect on seed yield followed by harvest index at phenotypic and genotypic levels respectively. At both phenotypic and genotypic levels, seed yield is indirectly influenced by days to 50% and 100% flowering, maturity, plant height, and harvest index. Based on mean performance, seed bio priming of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus cereus with NaCl for the genotypes IC- 119604, IC- 22456 and IC- 282079 will be best for salinity tolerance.
Mung bean, Bacillus cereus, Salinity, Bio-priming, Corelation, Path analysis.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Rishika Choudhary, Anuj Kumar
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1720—1725, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YCBV8833
How to cite this paper:
Choudhary, R., & Kumar, A. (2024). Response of Gladiolus Varieties on Floral Quality and Post-Harvest Parameters as Influenced by Gamma Irradiation. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1720–1725. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YCBV8833
An empirical study conducted during the year 2022-23 at KNK College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (MP), India investigated the impact of gamma irradiation on floral quality and post-harvest parameters of four gladiolus varieties (V1 : Arka Aayush, V2: Arka Pratham, V3 : Arka Kesar and V4 : Arka Tilak) using five gamma doses (G1: 0.0 kr, G2 : 1.25 kr, G3 : 2.25 kr, G4 : 3.25 kr and G5 : 4.25 kr) in a Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD). Results indicated that Arka Kesar excelled in various parameters, including diameter and length of florets, spike girth, spike length and flowering duration. While, Arka Aayush exhibited superior performance in terms of vase life. Gamma irradiation at 0.00 kr (control) positively influenced several parameters, such as floret diameter, floret length, spike girth, spike length and vase life. The dose of 1.25 kr was beneficial for flowering duration. The interaction between gamma irradiation and varieties significantly affected vase life. Specifically, Arka Pratham irradiated with 0.00 kr exhibited the longest vase life (12.82 days).
Gladiolus, Varieties, Gamma irradiation, Floral quality, Post harvest parameters.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Hind Bhushan Kuniyal, Shikha Semwal, O.P. Tiwari, CM Sharma
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1726—1735, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RZPZ9561
How to cite this paper:
Kuniyal, H. B., Semwal, S., Tiwari, O. P., & Sharma, C. (2024). Forest Composition and Resource Utilization Patterns in Relation to Anthropogenic Pressure in Moist Temperate Forests of the Garhwal Himalaya. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1726–1735. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RZPZ9561
This study investigates the intricate dynamics of vegetation composition and ecosystem services in temperate forests, focusing on the influence of elevation, forest types, and anthropogenic pressures on vegetation composition across different strata in moist temperate forests of Chamoli District, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Spanning an altitudinal range of 1500-3000 m asl. Species richness varied from 5 to 33 across forest types, with Shannon and Simpson diversity indices ranging from 1.38-2.81 and 0.69-0.93 for trees, 1.54-3.98 and 0.71-0.90 for shrubs, and 2.23-3.43 and 0.88-0.96 for herbs, respectively. Mixed broad-leaved forest (FT5) had the highest tree density (1450 ind ha⁻¹), while mainly Quercus semecarpifolia forest (FT10) recorded the largest basal area (116.36 m² ha⁻¹). Local communities depend on these forests for fuelwood, fodder, non-timber forest products (NTFPs), and medicinal plants. However, widespread anthropogenic disturbances, including lopping and stump extraction, were observed, with an average disturbance index of 10.60%. Mixed broad-leaved forest (FT4) experienced the highest disturbance (18.18%), while Quercus floribunda forest (FT9) had the lowest (6.45%). Lopping intensity was highest (29.73%) in Mixed Quercus leucotrichophora forest (FT1) and lowest (7.28%) in Mainly Abies pindrow forest (FT7). The findings highlight significant biodiversity in the region, but also substantial anthropogenic pressure, especially near settlements. The study emphasizes the urgent need for targeted conservation measures and sustainable management strategies to balance community reliance on forest resources with the preservation of forest health and ecosystem services.
Diversity, Resource utilization pattern, Anthropogenic disturbance, Garhwal Himalaya.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Evaluation of Balsam Genotype for Pot Culture and Bedding Purpose
Sanjula Yadav, Anjana Sisodia, Anil K. Singh, Vandana Sisodia
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1736—1741, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LABY5634
How to cite this paper:
Yadav, S., Sisodia, A., Singh, A. K., & Sisodia, V. (2024). Evaluation of Balsam Genotype for Pot Culture and Bedding Purpose. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1736–1741. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LABY5634
A field experiment was carried out with 23 genotypes of balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.) to evaluate the single and double whorled balsam germplasm for pot culture and bedding purpose with an objective to identify suitable genotypes for gardening. The experiment was conducted during the rainy season 2023 at the Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. These genotypes show significant variation at 5% level of significance for different characters under study. Result of study showed that the maximum number of plant spread/plant (83.44 cm) and maximum number of secondary branches/plant (34.22) was exhibited by genotype G-11. Maximum leaf width (2.73 cm), stem diameter (2.30 cm). Flower longevity (7.67 days), early seed ripening (18.78 days), maximum number of seeds per plant (3500.89) and seed yield per plant (37.77 g) was recorded in genotype G-7. Maximum plant height was recorded in genotype G-17 (89.48 cm).
Balsam, Single whorled, Double whorled, Pot culture, Bedding purpose.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Vikas, Rajiv Ranjan
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1742—1750, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TGSJ7526
How to cite this paper:
Vikas, & Ranjan, R. (2024). Physiological, Morphological and Biochemical Responses of Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa D.) Against the Environmental Conditions of Agra. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1742–1750. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TGSJ7526
The changing global food scene requires moving various foods worldwide, stressing resources and causing environmental issues. In this context, strawberries have become popular in India, leading to significant imports to satisfy demand. Yet, it’s crucial to start growing exotic fruits locally to ease resource strain. Adapting crops to new environmental conditions is crucial, especially in semi-arid climates with hot, dry summers and mild winters. This study investigates the physiological, morphological and biochemical aspects of growing strawberries in Agra’s climate, using a holistic organic farming approach. Employing Infra-red Gas Analysis, the research observes an average photosynthetic assimilation rate of 11.5433 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Light curve analysis indicates an optimal Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density near 1000 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹. An average 138.4 µmol mol⁻¹ disparity between Ca and Ci is noted. Plant height exhibits consistent growth, starting at 7.74 cm on day 0 and reaching 23.56 cm on day 60. The growth trajectory accelerates initially, signalling maturation later on. Leaf area expands from 17.03 cm² on day 0 to 88.93 cm² on day 55, crucial for photosynthesis and nutrient assimilation with 13.8 compound leaves, each consisting of three leaflets. Plant height correlates positively with leaf area, petiole length, diameter. The fruit contains 59.90 mg/100 g of vitamin C. The study found an average NDVI value of 73.11 and an average soil-plant analysis development value of 0.58. This research offers insights into improving strawberry cultivation in shifting climates and semi-arid conditions, aiding sustainable local production and decreasing reliance on imports.
Strawberry, IRGA, Physiological response, NDVI, SPAD.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Influence of Organic Manures on Quality of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis) cv Kaveri
Duanaliu Kamei, Yumnam Somi Singh
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1751—1754, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MXOQ7436
How to cite this paper:
Kamei, D., & Singh, Y. S. (2024). Influence of Organic Manures on Quality of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis) cv Kaveri. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1751–1754. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MXOQ7436
In recent years, there has been an increasing trend in the market for organic agriculture products, particularly fruit products. The objective of this research was to find out the effect of organic manures on quality of Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) cv Kaveri during the year 2021. The experiment was laid out with 10 treatments and 3 replications in Randomized Block Design. From the present investigations, maximum fruit weight (61.33 g) was recorded in T9 followed by T3 (57.06 g) which was found statistically at par with T5 (56.70 g), T6 (55.90 g) and T10 (55.37 g). Minimum fruit weight was registered in T0 (45.76 g). Maximum fruit length (59.67 mm), fruit diameter (64.33 mm), pulp weight (23.42 g) was recorded in T9. Highest TSS (16.27 0Brix), Ascorbic acid (35.20 mg/100 g), total sugar (10.55%) was also observed in T9. However, acidity was found non-significant. Minimum TSS (13.80 0Brix), total sugar (8.71%), reducing sugar (4.17%) and non-reducing sugar (4.1%) was recorded in T1-Control (no organic manures applied).
Passion fruit, Kaveri, FYM, Vermicompost, Neem cake, Fruit quality.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Rajesh Ekka
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1755—1760, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ADIK2232
How to cite this paper:
Ekka, R. (2024). Role of Information and Communication Technology in Agriculture Extension – A Study on Ranchi and Khunti District of Jharkhand, India. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1755–1760. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ADIK2232
Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy. It sustains over 70% of the population. Agricultural extension efforts in India have made significant strides towards development of the agricultural sector. According to the National Commission’s report on Agriculture (1976) has emphasized the need for massive extension efforts to modernize the outlook of the farmers and to make them more enterprising and willing to adapt readily to innovations so that agricultural production could be increased. Agriculture extension is nothing but an applied behavioral science. It is the knowledge to bring farmers or people through applying different strategies and technics through latest scientific and technological innovations. The present study is carried out in districts of Jharkhand (Ranchi and Khunti), which shows how the role of information technology has influenced the agriculture extension in these two districts. It is found that more and more use of information technology has provided different new methods of agricultural work and the income and life style of the farmers has gradually increased. Therefore, we can say that information technology provides more information regarding agriculture knowledge and benefits the present farmers.
Agriculture, Economy, Extension, Developing, ICT, Social.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Economic Analysis of Garlic Cultivation in Kohima District of Nagaland
Neipusimeu Yalie, Rokoneituo Nakhro, Sh Herojit Singh
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1761—1766, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OIEQ3109
How to cite this paper:
Yalie, N., Nakhro, R., & Singh, S. H. (2024). Economic Analysis of Garlic Cultivation in Kohima District of Nagaland. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1761–1766. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OIEQ3109
Garlic is the second most important spice crop commercially cultivated next to onion in India. This study identified the costs, returns, profitability and constraints associated with garlic production in Kohima district of Nagaland, the second largest producer of garlic among the North-Eastern states of India. Ninety garlic farmers selected randomly from six villages two of which selected purposively from two blocks of Kohima participated the research. The average cost of garlic per hectare was ₹3.06 lakhs, yielding an average gross income of ₹6.23 lakhs. The primary cost components included seeds (67.71%), manures (14.30%), and human labor (12.20%). The average net income for all farmers was ₹2,72,283.06, with the highest income observed in medium farms. Most garlic farmers (84.50%) earned ₹1-2 lakhs annually from cultivation. The benefit-cost ratio was highest in marginal farms (2.48), followed by medium (2.44) and small farms (1.80). Key challenges identified using Garrett’s ranking technique included high labor costs, lack of technical knowledge, and insufficient funds. The research findings suggest that garlic cultivation holds promise as a feasible venture, particularly when considering the escalating labor expenses and the necessity for advanced expertise in garlic cultivation techniques and availing possible credit facilities to the farmers.
Cost, Returns, Constraints, Garrett’s ranking, Garlic, Nagaland.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Rajdeep Mundiyara, Giradhari Lal Yadav, Suresh Kumar Meena, Ramesh, Rekha Choudhary, Rahul Bhardwaj, Ishwar Singh
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1767—1773, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TKXD9462
How to cite this paper:
Mundiyara, R., Yadav, G. L., Meena, S. K., Ramesh, Choudhary, R., Bhardwaj, R., & Singh, I. (2024). Estimation of Genetic Variability Parameters and Path Analysis for Seed Yield and Its Characters in Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1767–1773. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TKXD9462
Thirty-four genotypes of mungbean were assessed during kharif 2022 using a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications to estimate the genetic variability parameters, characters association and path analysis for different characters. The results were revealed mean sum of squares due to genotypes showed significant differences for all the characters, suggested that the genotypes were genetically diverse. Thus, it indicates sufficient opportunity for selection for different characters in mungbean improvement. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was slightly higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters suggesting the presence of environmental influence to some extent in the expression of these characters. High heritability were observed for all the characters indicated the scope of their improvement through selection. High genetic advance as percentage of mean along with high heritability was found for plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, pod length, 1000 seed weight and seed yield. These characters are governed by additive gene effects and therefore, may be enhanced through direct selection. The correlation of seed yield was positive and significant at phenotypic and genotypic level with characters viz., number of branches, number of pods per plant, pod length and number of seeds per pod. At phenotypic level, highest positive direct effect on seed yield was found for number of branches, pod length, plant height, number of pods per plant and 1000 seed weight. At genotypic level, highest direct positive effect on seed yield were observed for number of branches, pod length, plant height, days to maturity, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight.
Correlation, Genetic advance, Heritability, Mungbean, Path analysis.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
The Impact of Climate Change on insects
Thoudam Regina, Ananya Chamola, Chaitali Ghosh
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1774—1782, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DXDR8910
How to cite this paper:
Regina, T., Chamola, A., & Ghosh, C. (2024). The Impact of Climate Change on insects. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1774–1782. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DXDR8910
It is widely accepted that climate change has a significant impact on the production of agricultural plants and the insect pests associated with them. Some of the uncertainties about insect pests are related to small-scale climatic variability, including temperature variations, relative humidity, atmospheric CO2, and precipitation patterns. Due to their great diversity, the plants that serve as their hosts, and the variations in global temperatures, different insect species are expected to react to global warming differently depending on where they live. Numerous factors, including range, variety, abundance, growth, and development, are impacted by climate change’s effects on insects. Certain insects are favored while others are hampered. In this review we have discussed the impact of climate change on invasive species, how it is affecting the species distribution of insects, and various secondary effects of increase in temperature on the insects. We have further analyzed how the increased level of CO2 is going to adversely affect the various insect species and thus impact our agriculture.
Climate change, Carbon dioxide, Temperature, Parasitoid, Agricultural pest.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Belayneh Kelemu, Beyene Belay, Bilisuma Hailu, Fekadu Debebe
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1783—1789, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DNQO1015
How to cite this paper:
Kelemu, B., Belay, B., Hailu, B., & Debebe, F. (2024). Assessing Woody Species Diversity in Dembecha District, Northwestern Ethiopia: Agroecological and Landholding Perspectives. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1783–1789. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DNQO1015
The cultivation of perennial woody species in Ethiopia’s agricultural landscape is recognized for its contributions to biodiversity conservation and soil fertility. This research aimed to assess the diversity of woody species in the agricultural landscape of Dembecha district, located in northwestern Ethiopia. Three kebeles, representing distinct agroecologies (highland, midland, and lowland), were selected for the study. A total of 30 households, with 10 randomly chosen from each agroecology, participated in the inventory of woody species. The height of the woody species was gauged using a clinometer, and the diameter at breast height (DBH) of species with a diameter exceeding 5cm was measured using a diameter tape. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21 was employed to compare means across the study kebeles and different landholding sizes. The inventory results revealed the presence of 45 woody species in the study area, with 25 species recorded in both the highland and midland areas, and 18 in the lowland areas. The assessment of species diversity, using the Shannon diversity index, showed significant variation across agroecologies, ranging from 1.1 in the lowland to 2.00 in the midland (p<0.05). Similarly, species diversity varied significantly among different landholding sizes, particularly between small landholding size (0.5-1.5ha) and medium (1.51-2.5ha) and large landholding size (>2.51ha) (p<0.05). The Shannon diversity index ranged from 1.2 for small landholding size to 1.72 for large landholding size. Notably, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Croton macrostachyus emerged as the most abundant species recorded in the study.
Agroecology, Richness, Household, Landholding Size.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Studies on Production of Singhi (Heteropneustes fossilis) in Fresh Water Biofloc Aquaculture System
Saugata Sasmal, Dibyendu Das, Goutam Roy
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1790—1792, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IIIE5055
How to cite this paper:
Sasmal, S., Das, D., & Roy, G. (2024). Studies on Production of Singhi (Heteropneustes fossilis) in Fresh Water Biofloc Aquaculture System. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1790–1792. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IIIE5055
Biofloc technology (BFT) is one of the innovative methodologies for waste management and nutrient retention that offers a solution to solve environmental problems in aquaculture, because it doesn’t use water exchange to solve nitrogen compound elimination, but it utilizes microbial assimilation, stimulated for addition of material rich in carbon, to transform those compounds. However, two trials of ten months period each (2021-2023) were performed to investigate the growth and production of Singhi in fresh water Biofloc System at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. Three circular and rectangular cemented tanks (10,000 liter capacity each) were used in each trial under this purpose. Probiotic was used for developing beneficial bacterial colonies and controlling ammonia in confined water system. Healthy advanced fry of Singhi (Avg weight 1.3 g) were stocked @ 1500 nos/tank with treatment of potassium permanganate. Floating feed with 40-45% protein level was fed in twice in a day by following standard feeding chart. Molasses was applied for proper microbial growth and maintained C:N ratio. Physico-chemical parameters were studied weekly and maintained properly during whole period. Floc volume range was recorded between 13-33 ml/liter water sample, FCO was periodically applied for bacterial growth. The average yield was recorded 212.50 kg/tank after a period of 11 months from stocking, average growth was 154 g and FCR was found to be 1.3. Experiments were conducted during 2021-2023, so the variation of temperature was very high. The other important parameters recorded were- average pH value 7.6, dissolved oxygen 5.7 ppm, TDS 684 ppm and C:N ratio 12:1. Probocare & Medifish unique were applied weekly @ 75 ml/tank for maintaining floc and water parameters as well. Unique growth was applied @ 100 g/tank as growth promoter in fortnight interval. The results obtained in this experiment suggest that the biofloc system in fresh water aquaculture improves growth performances of Singhi in almost zero-water exchange system.
Biofloc technology (BFT), Probiotics, Singhi.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
A Review of Tropical Root and Tuber Crops for Livelihood Security and Nutrition
J. Suresh Kumar, S. Sunitha, Namrata A. Giri
Environment and Ecology 42 (4B) : 1793—1800, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FTOZ8778
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, J. S., Sunitha, S., & Giri, N. A. (2024). A Review of Tropical Root and Tuber Crops for Livelihood Security and Nutrition. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1793–1800. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FTOZ8778
Root and tuber crops (RTCs) are an essential source of food for many developing and underdeveloped countries, providing a substantial part of the world’s food supply. With the global population projected to reach 9.8 billion by 2050, the importance of RTCs is likely to increase. These crops are not only a cheap source of food and energy but also exhibit high biological efficiency and can withstand biotic and abiotic challenges. RTCs namely sweet potato, cassava, yams, and taro are rich in nutrients. The bioactive compounds present in these crops have been shown to have medicinal properties. The glutin free, and low glycemic indices of RTCs make them suitable foods for celiac and diabetic patients. These crops are able to grow under different climatic conditions and fit well with different cropping systems for year-round production and employment generation in lower economic populace. This review highlights the importance of RTCs as a sustainable food and industrial corps and their potential to alleviate malnutrition and improve public health.
Biofuel, Food security, Health, Nutrition, Tuber crops.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Mousumi Das, Riya Maji, Srija Gan
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1801—1806, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KZSG6849
How to cite this paper:
Das, M., Maji, R., & Gan, S. (2024). A Study of Diurnal Activity Pattern and Time Budget Analysis of Captive Ostrich (Struthio camelus) in Monsoon, Winter and Summer Seasons at Alipore Zoological Garden, Kolkata, India. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1801–1806. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KZSG6849
Understanding the behaviors of a particular species in captivity is crucial to compare them with the ones in wild for the overall growth of animal population. Hence, a study on diurnal behavioral pattern and time budget analysis of a male ostrich (Struthio camelus) was conducted at Alipore Zoological Garden, Kolkata, India, from August 2023 to June 2024, in order to explore all the seasonal variations. Data was collected from 10:00 h to 17:00 h by using focal sampling method with total 23,520 minutes of observations. The current study revealed total 18 different behaviors such as standing outside shade, standing inside shade, running, walking, eating of leaves, grasses, eating of mud, stones, self-maintenance, dust bathing, investigatory picking, sitting with head high, sitting with head low, flapping, preening, sleeping during standing, sleeping during sitting, defecation, keeper interaction and feeding of offered feed. The studied ostrich primarily displayed self-maintenance (16.10%) during monsoon, whereas, it was predominantly engaged in standing outside the shed (14.67%) and eating of leaves, grasses (13.86%) in winter and in summer also the standing outside the shed (13.86%). When the seasonal variation among activity budget data were considered, it was noted that, the ostrich primarily exhibited walking, eating of stones, mud, self-maintenance and investigatory picking during monsoon, compared to the other two seasons (p<0.05, DMRT), whereas, activities such as sitting with head high and sleeping during sitting were prevalent during summer season. This study will serve as a guide for further investigations on behaviors of captive male ostriches to take conservation efforts for their welfare.
Alipore Zoological Garden, Conservation efforts, Diurnal behavioral pattern, Struthio camelus, Time budget analysis.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Madhu Yadav, Ved Prakash
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1807—1816, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OKMU3957
How to cite this paper:
Yadav, M., & Prakash, V. (2024). Estimation of Heterosis and Combining Ability in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under Normal and Limited Moisture Condition of Rajasthan. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1807–1816. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OKMU3957
Barley is arguably the widely adapted cereal crop with drought, cold and salt tolerance. Its grain is used as feed, food and for malting purpose while the straw provides an important source of roughage for animal, particularly in the dry areas. The estimates of heterosis and inbreeding depression jointly provide information about the type of gene action involved in the expression of several quantitative characteristics. Combining ability analysis is required for this method to identify the desirable parents for a hybridization program. The cross DWRUB 64 × RD 2508 in E1 and DWRB 137 × RD 2052 in E2 exhibited desirable heterosis for grain yield per plant and its attributing traits. On the basis of per se performance and GCA effects, the parents RD 2508, RD 2052 and PL 419 in both the generations and environments identified as good general combiners for grain yield per plant and some other associated characters. On the basis of per se performance and SCA effects, the crosses BH 946 × PL 419 and RD 103 × RD 2508 in F1 of E1, RD 2592 × PL 419 and DWRUB 64 × RD 2508 in F1 of E2, RD 2592 × PL 419 and DWRB 137 × RD 2052 in F2 of E2 were identified as good specific cross combinations for grain yield per plant and some associated traits.
Barley, Combining ability, Heterosis, GCA, SCA, Inbreeding depression
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Akhil S. Raj, V. K. Jayalekshmi
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1817—1826, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IKZO1447
How to cite this paper:
Raj, A. S., & Jayalekshmi, V. K. (2024). Spatio-Temporal Evaluation of Landscape Dynamics in Agro-Ecological Landscape: A Case Study of Onattukara Agro-Ecological Zone, Kerala, India. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1817–1826. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IKZO1447
The modifications in agricultural landscapes by various factors greatly impact the alteration of environmental equilibrium, and a critical assessment is needed to maintain landscape sustainability. The man started innovating farm practices to achieve greater productivity in a shorter period without any concern about future catastrophes. Many landscape indices were developed from 1980 onwards. Their application was eased importantly by the visual aspect and popularity of GIS software and the comparatively low-cost availability of aerial photos and satellite images. Geographically speaking, GIS has played a major part in articulating landscape evaluation using landscape metrics. Landscape metrics help in computing composition and configuration; the two main features of landscape structure. The evolution of computer programs like Fragstats, patch analyst and various plugins in GIS software gave a new face to landscape quantification and change detection analysis. The present study examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of the agricultural landscape in the Onattukara Agro-ecological Zone from 1988 to 2021 employing a set of metrics parameters that are associated closely with agricultural landscape sustainability. Onattukara forms a unique agroecological landscape sprawling over the taluks of Karunagapally in the Kollam district and Karthikappally and Mavelikkara in the Alappuzha districts of Kerala, India. This region is predominantly a sandy tract; famous for the cultivation and production of good-quality sesamum and rice. Now the region become an area of low productivity with many negative factors limiting production. This study established the strong association between agricultural landscape transformation and urbanization using landscape metrics as a major tool.
Agricultural landscapes, GIS, landscape dynamics, Onattukara AEZ, Sustainability.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Chitra J., Arjit B., Prabakaran K., Santhanam P.
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1827—1834, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IRRQ6858
How to cite this paper:
Chitra, J., Arjit, B., Prabakaran, K., & Santhanam, P. (2024). Zooplankton Community and their Variation : A Case Study in Few Rivers Across Nadia and North 24 Parganas, West Bengal. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1827–1834. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IRRQ6858
This study conducted to investigate the plankton diversity and abundance from the rivers at Nadia and North 24 Parganas to reveal the status. Samples were collected from seven sites of rivers Hooghly, Churni, Jalangi, Mathabhanga Bhagirathi, Ichamathi of West Bengal were carried out during March to May 2021. Enormous loads of wastes received from anthropogenic activities influences the living planktonic organisms which play the major role in food web dynamics in riverine ecosystem. pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, dissolved carbon di-oxide, transparency, hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, nitrate, nitrite, silicate and ammonia were analysed. 21 speciesof zooplankton including protozoa (2 species, 2 genera, 2 families, 1 order), rotifers (11 species, 6 genera, 4 families, 2 suborders), copepods (2 species, 2 genera, 2 families, 1 suborder), and Cladocera (5 species, 5 genera, 4 families, 1 suborder) and the variation in abundance were noticed from the study. The maximum representation of the zooplankton species belonging to rotifera (Family: Brachionidae) and copepodites and naupliar stages of cyclopoid copepods were found to be abundant.
Rivers, Water Quality, Zooplankton, Abundance and Diversity.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Swetha A. N., M. S. Ayyanagowdar, B. S. Polisgowdar, Prasad S. Kulkarni, B. K. Desai, Ravi M. V.
Environment and Ecology 42 (4A) : 1835—1842, October—December 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WUWR2552
How to cite this paper:
Swetha, A. N., Ayyanagowdar, M. S., Polisgowdar, B. S., Kulkarni, P. S., Desai, B. K., & Ravi, M. V. (2024). Temperature-Based Analysis of Reference Evapotranspiration Models for the Distributary D-17 of TLBC Command Area, Raichur. Environment and Ecology, 42(4A), 1835–1842. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WUWR2552
Evapotranspiration (ET) is the simultaneous process of transfer of water to the atmosphere by transpiration and evaporation in a soil–plant system. ET is an important parameter for climatological and hydrological studies, as well as for irrigation planning and management. The present study aims to determine the best model under temperature-based models for the distributary, D-17 of TLBC command area. For this purpose, daily meteorological data for the period from 2018 to 2022 was collected used for the estimation of reference evapotranspiration by six different temperature-based models and compared with the FAO Penman–Monteith model. The best fit model was selected based on the less MAE and high R2 value for rabi and kharif season. The results revealed that, the Linacre model shows the least MAE with higher frequency and high R2 value during the rabi and kharif season in the study period 2018-2022, the results indicated that, the Linacre model can be used to estimate the ETo for distributary, D-17 when the available weather data is limited.
Evapotranspiration, FAO-56 Penman– Monteith, Temperature-based model, Distributary D-17, TLBC command area.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International