Volume 42 (2A) 2024
Microbial Application in Heavy Metal Removal from Pharmacological Industrial Effluent
Thevasundari S., Thilagavathi C., Hemalatha M., Abirami P., Rajeswari B.
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 553—557, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YMUJ2409
How to cite this paper:
Thevasundari, S., Thilagavathi, C., Hemalatha, M., Abirami, P., & Rajeswari, B. (2024). Microbial Application in Heavy Metal Removal from Pharmacological Industrial Effluent. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 553–557. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YMUJ2409
In industrial effluents, significant amounts of metallic cations such as zinc, copper, iron, manganese, lead, nickel, and cadmium are present. Long-term irrigation with these effluents increases the amount of organic carbon and heavy metals in the soil, increasing the likelihood that they will enter the food chain and, eventually, result in significant bioaccumulation. Many techniques for the treatment and disposal of metal-containing wastes, such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, in flotation, and evaporation, have been developed in order to reduce metal pollution issues. The main disadvantages of conventional treatments are low efficiency at low concentrations of heavy metals, expensive handling, and safe disposal of toxic sludge. In light of this, an effort has been made to investigate how tannery affects the growth of green gram.
Effluents, Heavy metals, Biological methods, Treated, Untreated, Bacteria.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 
Om Pravesh Kumar Ravi, Sarvendra Kumar , Shweta Kumari, Jag Pal, Gladston Y., V. S. Bharti, S. P. Shukla
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 558—569, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KXXR2019
How to cite this paper:
Ravi, O. P. K., Kumar, S., Kumari, S., Pal, J., Gladston, Y., Bharti, V. S., & Shukla, S. P. (2024). Phytoremediation Potential of Macrophytes from Calcium Fortified Ground Water under Laboratory Condition to Improve Water Quality. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 558–569. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KXXR2019
To select the best macrophyte for the phytoremediation of calcium from Ca-fortified ground water and inland saline water, 1 week screening was done for Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta and Lemna minor by using four effective concentrations of Calcium viz., 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg L–1. Experiment was done in triplicate. Water samples were collected at one day interval and plant samples at the end of experiment. The Calcium uptake concentration was found significantly (p<0.05) higher for E. crassipes on 6th day (5.37%) of experiment at effective concentration 800 mg L–¹, followed by S. molesta (4.87%) and L. minor (4.13%). Further experiment was conducted for 1 month for water quality analysis and testing the Calcium uptake, and found that there was significant improvement in water quality parameters. The finding of this study will serve baseline information for treatment of inland saline water to make it useful for various agricultural and aquaculture applications.
Calcium, Phytoremediation, Inland saline water, Free floating macrophytes
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Nutrient Requirement in Different Stages of Khasi Mandarin (Citrus reticulata, Blanco) in Assam
Arunima Gogoi, A. C. Barbora
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 570—574, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WHCX9534
How to cite this paper:
Gogoi, A., & Barbora, A. C. (2024). Nutrient Requirement in Different Stages of Khasi Mandarin (Citrus reticulata, Blanco) in Assam. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 570–574. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WHCX9534
An experiment was carried out in matured Khasi mandarin plot at the Barekuri village of Tinsukia in Assam to standardize the nutrient requirement in Khasi mandarin and its effect on yield, quality and nutrient content of Khasi mandarin and soil status of Khasi mandarin plot. The experiment has been conducted for six years. The experiment was laid out with 5 m × 5 m spacing along with 4 treatments, 5 replication and designed with RBD. Among the four treatments, T2 treatments were found better for maximize yield and fruit quality of matured Khasi mandarin. Treatment (T2) containing fertilizer application of N, P2O5 and K2O at 0:0:0 per cent of RDF during January- February, 30:40:10 per cent of RDF during March- April, 30:35:10 per cent of RDF during May- June 20:25:30 per cent of RDF during July- August, 10:0:25 per cent of RDF during September- October and 10:0:25 per cent of per cent of RDF during November-December was found better in terms of yield, quality of Khasi mandarin and fertility status of soil. Regarding, fruit qualities, higher juice content (47.72%), maximum TSS (11.20°Brix) and maximum number of fruits per tree (342) were observed in above mentioned treatment (T2). Maximum soil nutrient status and NPK content on leaf were recorded under the same T2 treatment. The maximum B: C ratio (2.20) was found in the same T2 treatment.
Khasi mandarin, Fertilizer, Recommended dose of fertilizer.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Enhancing Productivity and Profitability of Mash through Front Line Demonstration
A. S. Charak, G. N. Jha, Narinder Paul, Amitesh Sharma, Sanjeev Kumar, Manpreet Kour
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 575—578, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZUEK2775
How to cite this paper:
Charak, A. S., Jha, G. N., Paul, N., Sharma, A., Kumar, S., & Kour, M. (2024). Enhancing Productivity and Profitability of Mash through Front Line Demonstration. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 575–578. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZUEK2775
The study was carried out during kharif season of 2020 and 2021 in 7 villages across 2 blocks (Bhalla and Bhaderwah) of Doda district. In all 100 frontline demonstrations on Mash crop were carried out in anarea of 20.0 ha with the active participations of farmers with the objective to demonstrate the latest technology of Mash production potential, technological gap, extension gap, technology index and economic benefit of improved technologies. Cluster frontline demonstration is one of the important tools for transfer of technology and this program is being implemented through Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s of country. CFLD’s are organized on improved production technology at farmer’s field. This process not only helps in demonstrating the ways and means ofincreasing productivity but helps in obtaining feed back for further refinement of the production technology. The results revealed that CFLD recorded higher yield as compared to farmer’s practices over the two years of study. The improved technologies recorded average yield of 5.05 q/ha which was 34.71% higher than the obtained with farmer’s practices of 3.81q/ha. In spite of increase in yield of Mash, technological gap, extension gap and technology index existed which was 4.95 q/ha, 1.23 q/ha and 49.5%, respectively.
Cluster frontline demonstration, KVK, Extension gap, Technology gap,Technology index.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sarath Kumar Duvvada, Ganesh Chandra Malik, Mahua Banerjee, Binoy Kumar Saren
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 579—583, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XNJK3693
How to cite this paper:
Duvvada, S. K., Malik, G. C., Banerjee, M., & Saren, B. K. (2024). Correlation Studies on Growth, Yield Parameters and Yield of Maize as Influenced by Conservation Tillage Practices and Site-Specific Nutrient Management in Maize (Zea mays L.). Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 579–583. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XNJK3693
To meet the ever increasing needs of the growing human population ensuring sustainable use of natural resources, maintaining the standards essential for competing in the global market especially in case of major cereals like rice, wheat and maize is a never ending challenge. Keeping this in mind, to increase the productivity of maize by resource conservation techniques with different nutrient management practices, an experiment was laid out at a farmer’s field of Chella, Kamarapara, West Bengal, during pre-kharif season of 2022. The treatments consisted of 2 levels of tillage practices and 7 levels of SSNM treatments. The experimental finding revealed no significant difference between grain and stover yield with different tillage treatments. Whereas significantly higher grain and stover yield `was seen with SSNM through NE, lower grain and stover yield was recorded with control. Correlation studies revealed that plant height, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, cob girth, cob length, number of grain rows per cob, and number of cobs were highly significant and positively correlated with grain yield.
Conservation tillage, Correlation, Maize, SSNM, Yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Influence of Storage Period on Biochemical Parameters of Aonla Based Fortified Squash
Sakshi Sharma, Hemant Kumar Panigrahi, Prabhakar Singh, Deepti Patel
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 584—592, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZUQS8040
How to cite this paper:
Sharma, S., Panigrahi, H. K., Singh, P., & Patel, D. (2024). Influence of Storage Period on Biochemical Parameters of Aonla Based Fortified Squash. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 584–592. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZUQS8040
Aonla is an excellent source of vitamins and minerals, aonla has got enormous pharmaceutical values. Consumption of fresh aonla fruits has immense benefits, but due to high acidic and astringent content in the fruits, it has very limited table value. Preparation of various value added products specially blended beverages such as RTS, nectar and squash from aonla fruit helps to overcome astringent taste and poor color and flavor. The present investigation “Influence of storage period on biochemical parameters of aonla based fortified squash” was conducted at the Horticulture Processing Laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, IGKV, Raipur (CG) during the experimental year 2021-2022 and 2022-2023. Analysis of bio-chemical parameters under 13 treatments of fortified aonla squash unveiled that the treatment T10 (25% Aonla + 73% Pomegranate + 2% Ginger) documented maximum total soluble solids content and TSS: acid ratio among all the other treatments. Further, the treatment T4 (25% Aonla + 75% Pomegranate) reported maximum pH value and minimum acidity and ascorbic acid content. However, the treatment T13 (100% Aonla) recorded maximum acidity and ascorbic acid content as well as minimum total soluble solids content, pH and TSS: acid ratio.
Edaphic, Xerophytic, Ascorbic acid, Refractometer, Polysaccharides.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Rajesh Yadav, Anuj Kumar, Jyoti Kanwar, Rajiv Dubey
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 593—597, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XILT5867
How to cite this paper:
Yadav, R., Kumar, A., Kanwar, J., & Dubey, R. (2024). Effect of Different Spacing and Corm Size on Growth and Corm Production of Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv Punjab Dawn under Malwa Plateau of Madhya Pradesh. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 593–597. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XILT5867
The present experiment was carried out at Bahadari research farm of College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh) during rabi season of 2020-21 with an aim to find out the effect of different spacing and corm size on growth and corm production of gladiolus, using the three spacing’s (S1 30 × 30 cm, S2 30 × 20 cm and S3 20 × 20 cm) and three corm sizes (C1 <3.0 cm, C2 3.0-4.0 cm and C3 >4.0 cm). The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications. The result revealed that, the plant produced from wider spacing with larger corm size (30 × 30 cm + >4.0 cm) was superior in days taken to sprouting (9.07 days), number of sprouts per hill (3.07), plant height at 60 DAP (62 cm), number of leaves per hill at 60 DAP (20.73), length of longest leaf at 60 DAP (46.47 cm), width of longest leaf at 60 DAP (2.85 cm), number of corms per hill (3.47) and weight of corms per hill (71.20 g) at maturity stage.
Gladiolus, Corm sizes, Corms weight.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Analysing Spatial and Temporal Rainfall Variability of Southern Rajasthan using GIS Approach
Vinayak Paradkar, H. K. Mittal
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 598—605, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XKUO4404
How to cite this paper:
Paradkar, V., & Mittal, H. K. (2024). Analysing Spatial and Temporal Rainfall Variability of Southern Rajasthan using GIS Approach. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 598–605. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XKUO4404
This study focuses on analysing the behavioral patterns of rainfall in southern Rajasthan, particularly in reference to its amount and variation over time. The study made use of standard meteorological weeks (SMW) and historic weekly rainfall records. IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) interpolation technique within the ArcGIS platform was used for spatial analysis, creating spatial variation maps. It was found that significant rainfall occurred from Standard Meteorological Week (SMW)-22 to SMW-42. The weekly mean rainfall across the study area during the monsoon period ranged from 2.1 to 68.4 mm, with corresponding standard deviations ranging from 9.3 to 79.7 mm. Notably, the standard deviation was often higher than the mean, indicating substantial variability in weekly rainfall. Trend analysis using the Mann-Kendall test revealed that most stations in the study area exhibited no significant trend in annual rainfall data. Similarly, weekly rainfall data showed a trend in SMW-30 for 44 stations, while all other weekly data series did not exhibit significant trends, except for SMW-30. Stationarity was generally accepted for most weekly data series, except for SMW-30 and SMW-32, which showed non-stationary behavior. However, homogeneity tests indicated homogeneity in weekly rainfall data series for almost all selected stations. Overall, the study highlighted the significant variability in rainfall patterns in southern Rajasthan, with no significant trend in annual rainfall, except during the peak monsoon period (SMW-30). These findings contribute to a better understanding of regional rainfall behavior, which is crucial for water resource management and agricultural planning in the region.
Spatial, Temporal, Rainfall variability, GIS, Southern Rajasthan
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Response of Zinc in Kharif Rice cv MTU-1010
Pabitra Adhikary, Mrinal Kanti Das, Ankush Sarkar, Sukanta Saren, Babulal Tudu
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 606—609, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LLAQ8000
How to cite this paper:
Adhikary, P., Das, M. K., Sarkar, A., Saren, S., & Tudu, B. (2024). Response of Zinc in Kharif Rice cv MTU-1010. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 606–609. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LLAQ8000
A filed experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2016 and 2017 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) Farm, Ashokenagar, West Bengal on a sandy loam soil to assess the effect of zinc on growth, yield attributing characters and yield of rice, cv MTU- 1010. The experiment was carried out in a Randomized Block Design with three treatments i.e. recommended NPK dose (60:30:30 kg/ha NPK), recommended NPK + 25 kg/ha of ZnSO4 as soil application, and recommended NPK + 20 kg/ha of ZnSO4 as soil application + 2.5 kg/ha as foliar application at 30 and 45 DAT with seven replications. The study revealed that most of the yield and yield attributing characters except a few were significantly influenced by the soil and foliar application of zinc. Application of zinc recorded 17.73% higher grain yield than soil application of sole NPK fertilizers. The maximum no. of effective tillers/hill (23.57), plant height (81.28 cm), no. of spikelet per panicle (89.57), yield (5.91 t/ha), starch content (75.28 %) and B:C ratio (1.87) were recorded in 20 kg/ha of ZnSO4 as soil application followed by 2.5 kg/ha as foliar application at 30 and 45 DAT, along with soil application of NPK.
Rice, Zinc, Growth parameters, Yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Quality of Fodder Oats (Avena sativa (L.))
Sunita, R.C. Bairwa, S.R. Bhunia, Praveen Kumar Nitharwal
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 610—615, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QDAE6359
How to cite this paper:
Sunita, Bairwa, R. C., Bhunia, S. R., & Nitharwal, P. K. (2024). Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Quality of Fodder Oats (Avena sativa (L.)). Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 610–615. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QDAE6359
A field experiment was conducted at Instructional Farm College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner during rabi 2019- 2020 entitled the “Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of fodder oats (Avena sativa L.)”. Fourteen INM treatment viz.,100 % RDF, 100% RDF + FYM @ 20.0 t ha–1, 100 % RDF + PSB, 100% RDF + PSB + ZnSO4 @ 12.5 kg ha–1, 75% RDF, 75% RDF + Vermicompost @ 5.0 t ha–1, 75% RDF + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha–1, 75% RDF + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha–1 + PSB, 75% RDF +Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha–1 + ZnSO4 @12.5 kg ha–1, 75% RDF + FYM @ 20.0 t ha–1, 75% RDF + FYM @ 10.0 t ha–1, 75% RDF + FYM @ 10.0 t ha–1 + PSB, 75% RDF + FYM @ 10.0 t ha–1 + PSB + ZnSO4 @ 12.5 kg/ha, Control (untreated) were laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The results revealed that application of all treatments were significant increased N, P and Zn content and uptake and crude protein in fodder oats also enhanced with application of 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha–1 + PSB + ZnSO4 @ 12.5 kg ha–1. But significantly highest crude fiber content was recorded under control and lowest with application of 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha–1 + PSB + ZnSO4 @ 12.5 kg ha–1.
Fodder quality, INM, PSB, Vermicom post
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Ecofriendly Utilization of Distillery Spentwash for Enhancing Growth and Yield of Pearl Millet
R. Jayashree
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 616—621, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KOEY3792
How to cite this paper:
Jayashree, R. (2024). Ecofriendly Utilization of Distillery Spentwash for Enhancing Growth and Yield of Pearl Millet. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 616–621. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KOEY3792
The Post Biomethanated Distillery Spentwash (PBDSW) is effective organic liquid manure derived from sugar industry waste materials. Spentwash contain high amount of nutrients like Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium and Sulfur. In addition, it contains sufficient amount of micronutrients such as Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Boron and Molybdenum. The spentwash application on land is beneficial to control the water pollution and agricultural production. The experiment was performed with different doses of Post Biomethanated Distillery Spentwash (PBDSW) as a source of nutrients in various proportions with inorganic fertilizer using pearl millet as the test crop. The results of the experiment showed that the application of PBDSW at the rate of 100 KL ha-1 in combination with NPK recorded higher ear head, grain and stover yield as compared to other substitution level, split application and control.
PMDSW application, Pearl millet, Growth, Yield
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Effect of Different Planting Dates of Maize on Infestation of Stem Borer (Chilo partellus Swinhoe)
Bendangsenla Longkumer, Pankaj Neog, Waluniba, Hijam Shila Devi
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 622—631, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JUWT2899
How to cite this paper:
Longkumer, B., Neog, P., Waluniba, & Devi, H. S. (2024). Effect of Different Planting Dates of Maize on Infestation of Stem Borer (Chilo partellus Swinhoe). Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 622–631. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JUWT2899
The studies were carried out at the School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Medziphema campus, Nagaland University during 2019. The experiment was laid out in a Split Plot Design (SPD) having three replications. The cultivars viz., Zarsi, Sipho, Ronimi, Khoi and HQPM-1 were sown on 3 different dates i.e., 6th March, 21st March and 5th April. Among the five cultivars used the local cultivar ‘Sipho’was found to be the most tolerant and performed better than the composite variety ‘HQPM-1’ and the different dates of sowing, 5th April was found to be the most successful with the least infestation by Chilo partellus. The maize sown on 21st March recorded the highest grain yield (4.12 t/ha). Among the four cultivars and one composite variety evaluated, the highest grain yield was recorded from cultivar Sipho with 4.13 t/ha, while the lowest from cultivar Ronimi with 3.11 t/ha.
Maize, Date of sowing, Split plot design, Cultivars, Chilo partellus
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Genetic Variability and Cause-Effect Relationship in Aromatic Rice
Ayanabha Kole, Indra Deo
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 632—638, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MXYX6383
How to cite this paper:
Kole, A., & Deo, I. (2024). Genetic Variability and Cause-Effect Relationship in Aromatic Rice. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 632–638. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MXYX6383
Twenty diverse rice genotypes, mostly aromatic landraces, were grown during warm wet season of 2022 to analyse the genetic variability, correlation and path coefficients for sixteen agro-morphological characters. The results of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability, heritability, and genetic advance indicated that improvement through selection for flag leaf angle, panicle exertion, secondary branches per panicle, test weight, spikelet number, and number of filled grains would be effective. Correlation coefficients of grain yield with flag leaf area, spikelet fertility percentage, test weight and harvest index were positive and significant, while with flag leaf angle it was negative and significant indicating the importance of these characters on grain yield. Path analysis revealed that selection for larger flag leaf area, greater test weight and narrow flag leaf angle, reduced plant height and early flowering would increase grain yield. However, restrictions are required to be imposed on panicle number, panicle length and filled grain, so that a balance between morphological architecture and physiological rhythm is maintained to optimize source-sink relationship.
Aromatic rice, Variability, Correlation, Path coefficients, Morphological characters.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Gangadhar Nanda, R. K. Agrawal, Nilanjaya
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 639—644, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SVCE5832
How to cite this paper:
Nanda, G., Agrawal, R. K., & Nilanjaya. (2024). Nitrogen Fertilization Strategies for Forage Maize Genotypes: Agronomic Performance, Nitrogen use Efficiency and Economic Assessment and Determination of Economical N Fertilizer Rate. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 639–644. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SVCE5832
A field investigation was conducted using factorial experiment in randomized block design with seven genotypes and three nitrogen (N) levels (80, 120 and 160 kg N/ha) with three replications at Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India during kharif season, 2022. The objective of the study was to assess the nitrogen use efficiency, productivity and profitability of forage maize genotypes under different N levels. Among, the genotypes, J-1006 and among N levels, application of 120 kg ha-1 registered the maximum green and dry fodder yield and crude protein yield (CPY). The highest partial factor productivity of N fertilizer (PFPN) was recorded with J-1006 (103.3 kg DM/kg N applied) and application of lowest dose i.e. 80 kg/ha (99.1 kg DM/kg N applied) among genotypes and N levels, respectively. J-1006 (Rs 78109 ha-1 and 3.62) and application of 120 kg N ha-1 (Rs 65716 ha-1 and 3.21) was profitable in terms of net returns and B:C ratio among genotypes and N levels, respectively. The economic optimum dose of N for tested fodder maize genotypes was found to be 139 kg/ha.
Forage maize, Nitrogen use efficiency, Green fodder yield, Profit, Quality
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Mahesh Kumar, G. V. Mishra
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 645—654, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QIYJ5706
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, M., & Mishra, G. V. (2024). Causes and Impacts of Water Pollution on Various Water Bodies in the State of Rajasthan, India: A Review. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 645–654. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QIYJ5706
Water quality and water resources make an impression on the social, economic and political advancement of society. With the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization linked with economic and social needs, the pollution of water has reached a level of no return. Water is defined as harmful for human and aquatic lives when it is become contaminated by unexpected substances such as heavy metals, agricultural and industrial chemicals, hydrocarbon fuels, radioactive materials, sewage, pharmaceutical drugs, and biologic agents such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses. This water is considered polluted or contaminated (Bagul et al. 2015), The problem of water pollution becomes more hazardous in a region where availability of water is critically less like the state of Rajasthan (Coyte et al. 2019). The situation of surface water pollution in arid and semi-arid areas of state is alarming. We know that every living being needs water for their survival. All living being intake water directly or indirectly from various water resources. Intake of polluted water would be harmful for them. Transport of bio-accumulative pollutants to food chain makes the situation more grievous. So, it is the need of the hour to examine the magnitude and range of water pollution in the water bodies, especially in the state like Rajasthan. In the present scenario we can’t prevent water to being polluted totally but the scaling down of pollution is imperative. It is high time to take some steps to educate and spread awareness to the people regarding this alarming issue.
Ecological contaminants, Environment pollutions, Water pollution, Water quality, Water resources.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Studies of Impact on Bioactive Molecules ofSB2 Isolate and their PGPR Activities from the Marine Environment
Sandanakirouchenane Aroumougame
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 655—665, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TUIL8884
How to cite this paper:
Aroumougame, S. (2024). Studies of Impact on Bioactive Molecules of SB2 Isolate and their PGPR Activities from the Marine Environment. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 655–665. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TUIL8884
Marine microbes are important sources for recovering bioactive substances. One of the marine isolates, SB2, used a variety of media, with tryptic soy broth showing the best growth and yellow coloring. The largest amount of biomass was produced after 72 hours when the strain SB2 was cultured on glucose, molasses, and peptone, a yeast extract containing carbon and nitrogen sources. Yellow pigment must be extracted using methanol, and the isolate SB2 produced the most of this color. At a concentration of 100 g ml-1 of several bacterial pathogens, the recovered pigment from the SB2 isolate exhibited antibacterial action. The maximum production of IAA and GA is shown in TS broth, which is additionally augmented by the siderophore synthesis of catechol and salicylate. The SB2 also produces IAA and GA. In contrast, the highest level of ACC deaminase activity was found in nutrient broth. Due to the generation of pigment, the strain SB2 may be essential for Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and antibacterial properties.
SB2 isolate, Antibacterial activity, IAA, GA, ACC deaminase, Siderophore, Yellow pigment.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
B.R. Sharma, Sajeed Ali, Anwesh Rai, H. K. Tarafdar
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 666—669, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YNQZ9507
How to cite this paper:
Sharma, B. R., Ali, S., Rai, A., & Tarafdar, H. K. (2024). Integrated Management of Rhizome Rot and Wilt Disease Complex of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) – A Review. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 666–669. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YNQZ9507
This review article focuses on integrated management options for ginger diseases, especially rhizome rot and wilt. We compiled the results of several strategies, including chemical treatments, cultural practices, soil solarization, organic additions, and biological management for rhizome rot and wilt disease complex of ginger. Effective approaches includes (i) raise the temperature by soil solarization, (ii) additions of soil amendments like wood sawdust, oil cakes, neem cakes that prevent soil pathogen and simultaneously improve soil health, (iii) cultural techniques such as soil selection, crop rotation and intercropping, (iv) biological control using Trichoderma species is another useful method to lower infestation and increase ginger yield, and (v) use of chemical control measures such as Ridomil MZ, Metalaxyl, and Streptomycin. The above-listed aspects can be integrated to develop integrated management strategies that aid in developing a treatment strategy for management for rhizome rot and wilt disease complex of ginger.
Ginger wilt complex, Rhizome rot, Soil solarization, Biological control agents, Chemical, Cultural management.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Non-Target Organisms Captured in the Sex Pheromone Traps of Yellow Stem Borer of Rice
A. Nayak, K. S. Behera
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 670—672, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FJPU6231
How to cite this paper:
Nayak, A., & Behera, K. S. (2024). Non-target Organisms Captured in the Sex Pheromone Traps of Yellow Stem Borer of Rice. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 670–672. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/FJPU6231
Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) the yellow stem borer (YSB) is an important pest of rice. Besides, chemical control female sex pheromone traps are used to monitor YSB population and mating disruption. A study was undertaken to enumerate non-target organisms in the traps. Traps with sex pheromone lure and traps without any lure were fixed in the farmers’ fields and samples were examined for different organisms. A maximum of 21 species of organisms including three unidentified lepidopterans were collected from the traps where no lure was available where as 46 species of organisms including 5 species of unidentified Lepidoptera were recovered from the traps with lure. Spiders appeared in almost equal numbers in both baited and control traps. Natural enemies of different rice pests were also trapped.
Rice, Yellow stem borer, Sex pheromone trap, Non-target organisms
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sapana Sasane
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 673—680, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IKBT5668
How to cite this paper:
Sasane, S. (2024). Assessment of Association Between Observed Weather and Detrended Weather with the Detrended Rice Crop Yield in the Konkan Region of Maharashtra. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 673–680. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IKBT5668
Maharashtra’s total rice production (1961-2014) strongly increases. This is due to the increasing cultivated area and the influence of improved technology. Whereas, year-to-year fluctuation in production is mainly because of fluctuations in the climate. Hence, only the rice crop yield is taken for the detailed study of climate and agriculture in the selected districts from 1981 to 2014 period. Correlation analysis indicates the influence of climate change on detrend yield. A heavy shower of rain and hail can cause immense damage to a standing crop, ready for harvest (Crop weather calendar 2003, IMD). Thus, yield is the summation of conditions in all successive weeks of the crop. Correlation analysis was carried out to see the impact of observed weather with detrend yield and detrended weather with detrend yield. The Research Work explores the importance of additional Climatic variables, other than Temperature and Rainfall, and their impact on Rice crop yield. There is a significant relationship between the Observed Weather Parameter and De-trended Weather Parameter with the De-trend Yield, at different Growth Stages of Crop. The study brought about the Relationship between Rice Crop Yield and Weather Parameters, with and without Climate Change.
Observed weather, Detrended weather, Detrended rice crop yield, Sensitivity, Growth stages
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Effect of Sowing Direction and Wheat Cultivars on Growth and Yield in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India
Ravikesh Kumar Pal, A. K. Singh, Arun Kumar, Pravesh Kumar, Hari Om
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 681—686, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JKRM9819
How to cite this paper:
Pal, R. K., Singh, A. K., Kumar, A., Kumar, P., & Om, H. (2024). Effect of Sowing Direction and Wheat Cultivars on Growth and Yield in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 681–686. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JKRM9819
A field experiment was carried out during rabi season where different wheat cultivars (PBW-343, HUW-234 and NW-1012) and direction of sowing (E-W and N-S) were taken in Factorial Randomized Block Design replicated four times. All the yield attributing characters like number of effective tillers, spike length, number of grains spike–1, grain weight spike–1 were significantly higher under East-West direction of sowing over North-South direction of sowing. Among the all cultivars PBW-343 was found significantly superior over NW-1012 and HUW-234. The grain yield, straw yield and light intensity were increased significantly under East-West direction of sowing and among the cultivars PBW-343 recorded significantly higher value of above characters over NW-1012 and HUW-234. Maximum heat unit requirement and days taken to 50% ear emergence and maturity was recorded under North-South direction of sowing and among the cultivars it was found maximum in PBW-343. The maximum net return and B:C ratio were obtained in E-W direction of sowing along with PBW-343 cultivar. Thus it may be revealed that sowing in East-West direction with cultivar PBW-343 was found most suitable for cultivation under Indo-Gangetic Plains of India.
Cultivars, Direction of sowing, Light intensity, Wheat, Yield
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Ram Mohan, Aakash Maurya, Narayanan K. Nair, Nalini Pandey, Tikam Singh Rana
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 687—696, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZOYL8560
How to cite this paper:
Mohan, R., Maurya, A., Nair, N. K., Pandey, N., & Rana, T. S. (2024). Multi-Model Analysis to Predict the Potential Suitable Habitat for Quercus oblongata D. Don (Fagaceae) in the Western Himalayan Region. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 687–696. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZOYL8560
Quercus oblongata D. Don is an economically and ecologically important tree species. It is distributed in the western Himalayan region of India as well as Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam. The present study explored the potential distribution and habitat suitability of Q. oblongata using ensemble modeling. Eleven environmental variables (eight bioclimatic and three topographic), and 121 occurrence records were used in the analysis. Four algorithms: Generalized Additive Model (GAM), Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Random Forest (RF), and Maximum Entropy (Max Ent) were used to build the ensemble model for potential suitable habitat of Q. oblongata. To evaluate the model performance, AUC and TSS metrics were used, which showed high AUC (>0.94) and TSS (>0.86) metrics for all the models. The environmental variables that displayed high contribution in the prediction were temperature annual range (bio7, 48.5%), precipitation of wettest period (bio13 ; 41%), and elevation (elev ; 40%). The total suitable area was 22634 km2, including the least (12546 km2), moderate (7935 km2), and highly (2153 km2) suitable areas. Habitat suitability of Q. oblongata is predicted in most of the regions of Nainital, Almora, central Tehri Garhwal, eastern Mussoorie and Chakrata region of Dehradun District of Uttarakhand. A sizeable wide patch was found in Southern Chamba with Northern Kangra District, including the northern region of Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh. The predicted suitable habitat can be used for future exploration for the study of genetic diversity and conservation purposes.
Ensemble model, Environmental variables, Max Ent, Random forests, Quercus.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Purushottam Dev, Sukhdev Singh Paliyal, Naveen Datt, Navjot Rana, Chandini Pradhan, Praveen Thakur
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 697—702, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SKIS9850
How to cite this paper:
Dev, P., Paliyal, S. S., Datt, N., Rana, N., Pradhan, C., & Thakur, P. (2024). Assessment of Different Production Systems for Macro and Micronutrient Concentration in Selected kharif Crops in Low Hills of Himachal Pradesh. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 697–702. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SKIS9850
A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different crop production systems on major kharif crops at Choudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Dhualakuan (Himachal Pradesh) India. The experiment comprised of fifteen treatments involving three crop production systems (organic, natural and conventional) in subplot with five crops (maize, okra, sesame, black gram and rice) in the main plot replicated thrice in split-plot design during kharif season (July-October) of 2020. Among different production systems, macronutrient contents were found highest under conventional system followed by organic system and lowest in Subhas Palekar Natural Farming system. Sulfur and micronutrient content was recorded highest in organic farming system followed by Subhas Palekar Natural Farming system and lowest in conventional system. Among crops, black gram and sesame grain macro and micro nutrient content was found to be highest and lowest in okra among all crops.
Conventional, Organic, SPNF, Nutrient content, Okra, Black gram.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Assessment of Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
P. Poojitha, Lakshman Singh, Gummadala Kasirao, Ravindra Nath, Himavarsha Perli, Bacham Shiva
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 703—707, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GMBJ9705
How to cite this paper:
Poojitha, P., Singh, L., Kasirao, G., Nath, R., Perli, H., & Shiva, B. (2024). Assessment of Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 703–707. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GMBJ9705
The present research, entitled “Assessment of Variability, Heritability, and Genetic Advance in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.),” was conducted on 15 genotypes with 16 characteristics. The analysis of variance revealed that genotypic variation was extremely significant for all of the traits under consideration. Additionally, the phenotypic coefficient of variance was larger than the genotypic coefficient of variation in magnitude. Quantitative features include the number of pods and kernels per plant, days to bloom initiation, days to 50% flowering, and days to maturity, test weight, shelling percent, and kernel yield per plant showed high heritability indicating that the variation was caused by additive gene action. The correlation estimates provide a better understanding of yield components and studies on genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients of different traits help the plant breeder during selection.
Groundnut, Genetic variability, Geno types, Heritability, Genetic advance
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Himanshu Yadav, Ankita Maurya, Richa Sharma, Amritesh Chandra Shukla, Ramesh Kumar Srivastava, Manish Arya
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 708—715, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MLAF6939
How to cite this paper:
Yadav, H., Maurya, A., Sharma, R., Shukla, A. C., Srivastava, R. K., & Arya, M. (2024). Antifungal Potential of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Essential Oil against Fungal Pathogens Causing Economic Losses in Cymbopogon flexuosus Nees Ex Steud. (Lemongrass). Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 708–715. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MLAF6939
Cymbopogon flexuosus Nees Ex Steud. (Commonly known as lemongrass, family Poaceae) is one of the commercially important aromatic plants having medicinal properties. India is one of the largest producers and exporters of lemongrass essential oil in the world; in the year 2021-22, India exported about 610 tons of lemongrass oil, contributing more than 4 lakh US $ million in Gross Domestic Productivity (GDP). However, despite a good national and international market, this crop suffers quantitative and qualitative losses due to the leaf spot and leaf blight diseases caused by the fungi Curvularia trifolii and Rhizoctonia solani, respectively; therefore, an attempt has been made to manage these fungal pathogens. The essential oil of basil (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) was extracted by hydro-distillation method using Clevenger apparatus. The oil thus extracted was used for in vitro antifungal efficacy against both the test fungi Curvularia trifolii and Rhizoctonia solani, using the poison food technique. The results show that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the basil oil against C. trifolii 2000 ppm and R. solani was 1600 and however, it was cidal in nature at 3200 and 2400 ppm against both fungi, respectively. The current study’s findings show that O. sanctum oil could be an alternative to synthetic fungicides after detailed investigations.
Essential oil, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Ocimum sanctum, Curvularia trifolii, Rhizoctonia solani, Antifungal activity
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Praveen Udapudi, Pushpa K., Sukanya T. S., Krishnamurthy R.
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 716—725, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/VGQA5833
How to cite this paper:
Udapudi, P., Pushpa, K., Sukanya, T. S., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2024). Alterations in the Nutrient Status of Soil and Enzymatic Activity of Finger Millet Cultivated Soil Accompanying to Nano Urea Application. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 716–725. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/VGQA5833
An experiment was conducted at the Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, with the aim of assessing the impact of nano nitrogen on growth, yield, nutrient uptake, nitrogen use efficiency and enzymatic activity in finger millet cultivation. Among different treatments, application of 75% RDN + seed treatment with nano urea + foliar spray of nano urea at 30 and 50 DAS showed significant improvements in various growth and yield parameters of finger millet. At 90 DAS, it resulted in a remarkable increase in the number of leaves hill-1 (36.73), leaf area (982.90 cm2 hill-1) and leaf area index (3.28). The treatment also led to enhanced growth indices viz., absolute growth rate of 0.74 g day-1, a relative growth rate of 0.029 g g-1 day-1 and a crop growth rate of 24.80 g m2 day-1 during 60-90 DAS period. Significantly, it boosted the grain yield of 3,397 kg ha-1 for finger millet over control. Notably, this treatment exhibited higher NPK (86.56, 25.93 and 55.36 kg ha-1 respectively) uptake at harvest. It also demonstrated superior agronomic efficiency, internal utilization efficiency and nutrient increment efficiency of nitrogen (52.57, 39.24 and 1.40 kg kg-1 respectively). These findings underscore the potential of nano nitrogen in enhancing finger millet growth, increasing yield, optimizing nutrient uptake and improving nitrogen use efficiency in finger millet cultivation.
Productivity, Growth indices, Nutrient uptake, Urease activity, Nitrogen use efficiency.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Assessment of Genetic Variability for Nutrient Status in Grain and Leaves of Amaranthus Genotypes
Harish B. M., Shreedevi Badiger, Lakshmidevamma T. N., Satish D.
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 726—731, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RDFT7057
How to cite this paper:
Harish, B. M., Badiger, S., Lakshmidevamma, T. N., & Satish, D. (2024). Assessment of Genetic Variability for Nutrient Status in Grain and Leaves of Amaranthus Genotypes. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 726–731. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RDFT7057
In the present investigation 18 different genotypes of amaranthus were analyzed for nutrient status and noticeable range of major nutrients were reported in leaves and grains. The phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation was maximum for leaf color constituent b* i.e., 63.76 and 63.76 while, minimum in case of leaf moisture i.e., 6.62 and 3.03, respectively. High heritability was observed for all the traits, maximum was recorded for leaf color constituent b* (100%) and minimum was observed for leaf moisture (70.09%). High heritability (h2 = 99.19%) with high genetic advance (GA=73.90%) as percentage of mean was observed for leaf vitamin C, which indicated that additive gene effects were more important for that trait. High genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for leaf color constituent b* (131.34) however, lowest for days to leaf moisture (5.23) which indicates the preponderance of additive genes and selection will be effective for improvement of these traits having high heritability with genetic advance as percent of mean.
Amaranthus spp., Nutrient status, Genetic advance, Heritability, PCV, GCV
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
J. K. Gupta, Krishna Avatar Meena, M. L. Meena
Environment and Ecology 42 (2A) : 732—737, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TGLM7980
How to cite this paper:
Gupta, J. K., Meena, K. A., & Meena, M. L. (2024). Comparative Economics of Different Management Tactics by Novel Insecticides against Pest Complex on Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) under Protected Conditions. Environment and Ecology, 42(2A), 732–737. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TGLM7980
Field experiment was conducted under shade net house at Hi-Tech Horticulture Farm, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura (Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner), Jaipur, Rajasthan to work out the economics and cost benefit ratio of different management strategies by three spraying of eleven bio-rationale and newer pesticides against Yellow Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover, Myzus persicae Sulzer), Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and Beat army worm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) during summer 2014 and 2015 on capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.). The result on the basis of pooled data indicated that maximum net profit of Rs 77185/ha was obtained in the treatment of fipronil 0.005% with the yield of 51.46 q/ha followed by emamectin benzoate 0.002% (Rs 67422/ha) with the yield of 49.77 q/ha. The minimum net profit of Rs 23840/ha was recorded in the treatment of NSKE 5% followed by azadirachtin 0.0003% (Rs 29876). The net profit ranging from Rs 53613/ha to Rs 60263/ha was computed in the treatment of acephate (Rs 53613/ha), spiromesifen (Rs 59971/ha), spinosad (Rs 58262/ha) and indoxacarb (Rs 60263/ha), whereas, Rs 39125/ha to 41476/ha was found in propargite and novaluron. The maximum incremental cost benefit ratio (1:20.23) was found in fipronil (0.005%) followed by 1:17.99 in the treatment of acephate (0.075%). The minimum ICBR (1:4.64) was recorded in the treatments of novaluron followed by spinosad (1:5.96). Study revealed that three spray of fipronil 5 SC @ 1 ml/l or emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4 g/l can be suggested to the farmers for the management of pest complex on capsicum under shade net house conditions during summer for off season production.
Capsicum, Comparative economics, Novel insecticide, Protected conditions, Shade net house, Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio (ICBR).
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International