Volume 42 (2) 2024
A.K. Medhi, P.C. Dey, Arunima Bharali, S. R. Borah, R. Saikia
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 367—373, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XXHN2830
How to cite this paper:
Medhi, A. K., Dey, P. C., Bharali, A., Borah, S. R., & Saikia, R. (2024). Effect of Organic Nutrient Management Practices on Growth, Yield and Pests Incidence of Scented Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Rainfed Situation of Assam. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 367–373. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XXHN2830
The field experiment was conducted in organic block on experimental farm of AAU-Assam Rice Research Institute, Assam Agricultural University, Titabar, Assam during kharif season of 2019 and 2020 to study the effect of organic nutrient management practices on growth, yield and pests incidence of scented rice (Oryza sativa L.) in rainfed situation of Assam. Eight treatment combinations of organic inputs were laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications including one control where no organic nutrients were added. The study revealed that combined application of different proportion of green manure, enriched compost, azolla, vermicompost, neem cake with bio fertilizer consortium and rock phosphate as different treatment significantly improved the growth behavior, yield and also reduced pests incidence of scented rice. Among the organic nutrient management treatments, combination of Green manure (2.5 t/ha)+ Vermicompost (2.5 t/ha)+ Biofertilizer consortium (4 kg/ha seedling) as root dip +Rock phosphate (17 kg/ha)+Azolla (20 kg/ha) recorded the highest yield (3.80 t/ha) by improving yield attributing parameters, viz., Panicles (276.3 /m2), Spikelet /panicle (25.50 number) and Panicle weight (3.37g). The organic treatments also significantly enhanced the growth physiology viz., leaf area index (4.32), and specific leaf weight (8.56 mg/cm2) at panicle initiation stage (90 DAT). In organic management treatments, pests and disease incidence significantly reduced compared to control plot. Highest reduction of dead heart (DH%) and white ear head (WEH%) infestation due to stem borer, gall midge (silver shoot) and leaf folder damage was noticed in the treatment combination of Green manure (2.5 t/ha) + Vermicompost ( 2.5 t/ha)+ Biofertilizer consortium (4 kg/ha seedling) as root dip+Rock phosphate (17 kg/ha)+Azolla (20 kg/ha).
Scented rice, Green manuring, Vermicompost, Biofertilizer, Yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 
Priya Vithalani, Nikhil Bhatt
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 374—382, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KSHT7592
How to cite this paper:
Vithalani, P., & Bhatt, N. (2024). Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Allium sativum Plant Extract and Photocatalytic Activity of Rhodamine B. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 374–382. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KSHT7592
The green approach is regarded as an economical and environmentally responsible way to create nanoparticles. In the field of dye degradation, the photocatalytic degradation mediated by nanoparticles is an effective method. Rhodamine B is a dye that, even at very low concentrations, is highly mutagenic and carcinogenic. Prior to discharge, Rhodamine B must be removed from wastewater. A low-cost plant employed in the manufacture of zinc oxide nanoparticles is Allium sativum. By using XRD and SEM, the synthesized nanoparticles were identified. Rhodamine B was eliminated using zinc oxide nanoparticles. The results demonstrated 99.99% Rhodamine B decolorization at reaction rates of 0.028 mg/L/min for 180 min at 5 ppm dye concentration, 1 g/L catalyst concentration, and pH 6. Analysis using FTIR, HPTLC and UV-Visible spectrophotometers proved Rhodamine degradation. Vigna radiata L, a key agricultural plant, was used to test the toxicity of Rhodamine B and treated effluent. The findings supported the treated effluent’s lower toxicity than the original chemical by showing that the plant and soil had a less harmful reaction to being irrigated with treated water.
Allium sativum, Degradation, Rhodamine B, Toxicity, Zinc oxide nanoparticles.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Using ARIMA Model to Forecast Production of kharif Sweet Potato in Odisha
Jayashree Pradhan, Abhiram Dash
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 383—390, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UVWC8442
How to cite this paper:
Pradhan, J., & Dash, A. (2024). Using ARIMA Model to Forecast Production of kharif Sweet Potato in Odisha. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 383–390. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UVWC8442
Sweet potato, which is frequently referred to as a small farmers crop, is a major vegetable crop of Odisha. In India, Odisha is producing the most sweet potatoes. During the kharif season (June to August), sweet potatoes are grown as rain fed crop. A timely and accurate forecast of the area and production of such major vegetable crop is helpful for making agricultural policy decisions and giving nutrients to the population as the sweet potato occupies a key place among vegetable crops in Odisha. The objective of the present research is to predict the area, yield, and production of kharif sweet potato in Odisha by applying the most widely used forecasting model, ARIMA model. ACF and PACF plots and secondary data on the area, yield, and production of kharif sweet potato were collected from 1970–1971 to 2019–20 to fit the models that were determined to be appropriate. The best fit model was chosen based on the importance of the estimated coefficients, model diagnostic tests, and model fit statistics. By refitting the model with data from the most recent 4 years, 3 years, 2 years and 1 year, as well as by making one step ahead forecasts for the years 2016–17 to 2019–20, and the best fit model was cross-validated. The models with the best fits for the area, yield, and production of kharif sweet potatoes were found to be ARIMA (1,0,0) with constant model, ARIMA (0,1,1) without constant model, and ARIMA (0,1,1) without constant without constant. The forecast values show that the area, yield, and production of kharif sweet potatoes in Odisha will remain constant in future years, regardless of variation in the lower and upper class interval of the forecast values.
ARIMA, Cross validation, Forecast, MAPE, RMSE, Stationary.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Tanuja, Deepak Kumar Rana
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 391—398, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OWXJ8776
How to cite this paper:
Tanuja, & Rana, D. K. (2024). Comparative Study of Planting Time, Growth Regulator and Biofertilizer on Growth, Yield S and Quality of Strawberry Cv Chandler. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 391–398. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OWXJ8776
Climate, growth promoting hormones and soil nutrition are all necessary conditions for the production of any crop. The primary job is also to determine the ideal planting period for optimum crop yield. In order to improve strawberry growth, yield, and quality parameters a field experiment was carried out to evaluate the comparative study of planting time, growth regulator and biofertilizer on growth, yield and quality of strawberry cv Chandler at Horticultural Research Center, Chauras Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India, during two growing seasons 2018-19 and 2019-20. The present experiment consists of three factors with a total of 08 treatments which was replicated thrice on strawberry cultivar Chandler at different planting time viz., 15th August, 5th September, 25th September and 15th October with the application of various GA3 concentration viz., no GA3 (without application), 50 ppm GA3, 75 ppm GA3, 100 ppm GA3 and with and without treatment with Azotobacter. The treatment under15th October planting time, 75 ppm GA3 concentration with Azotobacter was found most effective for most of the growth, yield and quality traits viz.,plant height (34.57 cm), leaf area (104.66 cm2), number of runners/plant (8.60), days taken to full blooming (202.00), fruit setting % (89.17), days taken to final harvest (214.44), fresh weight of fruit (15.93 g), fruit yield/plant (327.09 g), TSS (9.07 0Brix), vitamin C (67.70 mg/100g), sugar content (7.08%) and juice content (91.06%) whereas the minimum values for most of the characters was observed with 15th August planting time and without application of GA3 and Azotobacter treatment.
Biofertilizer, Growth, Plant, Planting, Regulator, Strawberry, Yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Evaluation of Genetic Divergence in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Germplasm
Dokku Baby Swetha, Sanjay Kumam, Anand Kumar
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 399—404, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JDEY3203
How to cite this paper:
Swetha, D. B., Kumam, S., & Kumar, A. (2024). Evaluation of Genetic Divergence in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Germplasm. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 399–404. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JDEY3203
A field experiment was carried out to assess the nature and magnitude of genetic divergence in forty genotypes of desi chickpea using Mahalanobis’s D2 Statistics. High magnitude of heritability (bs) was recorded for plant height, days to 50% flowering, biological yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plot, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for seed yield per plant, seed yield per plot, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, harvest index, biological yield and plant height suggesting that, the role of additive gene effect and possibilities of achieving high genetic progress through selection. The forty chickpea genotypes were grouped into seven clusters suggesting considerable amount of genetic diversity in the material. The cluster III has a total of 10 genotypes, followed by cluster II with nine, cluster VI with seven, cluster IV and V with four, and cluster I and VII with three genotypes, respectively. The intra-cluster D2 value ranged from 148.25 to 491.49 while, inter-cluster D2value ranged from 386.99 to 2141.49. The maximum intra cluster distance was found in cluster I followed by cluster VII and VI, indicating that cross combinations may occur through hybridization between genotypes from the same clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster I and V (2141.49), followed by cluster I and IV (1590.64), cluster II and V (1271.17) and cluster I and VII (1184.91) suggesting that the genetic architecture of the genotypes in one cluster differ entirely from those included in other clusters. These lines may be utilized in further breeding programe for the exploitation of hybrid vigour and suggesting wide diversity between them and crossings between genetically diverse lines will result in heterotic segregants, genotypes in these clusters could be employed as parents in a hybridization program to develop desirable plant types. Among the ten traits studied, maximum contribution was made by harvest index (21.28 %) followed by number of pods per plant (19.36%), biological yield (15.13%), plant height (14.87%), days to 50% flowering (12.18%) and seed yield per plant (8.08%). The genotypes ICC15921, ICC15903, K1058 and ICC15926, ICC15226, ICC7549, ICC15855 were identified as genetically diverse parents, which can be utilized for future crop improvement programe in chickpea. The aforementioned findings show that these genotypes contain the greatest genetic diversity and are useful for creating a large number of segregants through a crossing program.
Cicer arietinum L., Cluster analysis, D2 statistics, Genetic variability. Grain yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
I. Arya, N. Nautiyal, K. Uniyal , K. Bhandari
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 405—412, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BFRU1901
How to cite this paper:
Arya, I., Nautiyal, N., Uniyal, K., & Bhandari, K. (2024). Quantitative, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity Screening of Various Phytoconstituents in Bombax ceiba Floral Extracts. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 405–412. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BFRU1901
The present study aims at investigations of quantitative, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Bombax ceiba floral extracts. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed by following standard protocols. Total phenol and flavonoid content were evaluated by colorimetric method, using Folin- Ciocalteau Reagent and Aluminium Chloride, respectively. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc- diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas spp. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH scavenging assay. All the extracts of B. ceiba displayed presence of majority of phytochemicals. TPC and TFC was maximum in methanol (182.14- 439.23µg of GAE/mg) and ethyl acetate (285.25- 820.24µg of QE/mg) extract respectively. Maximum antibacterial activity was displayed by chloroform and ethyl acetate extract against S. aureus and Aeromonas spp., respectively. Antioxidant activity was maximum in aqueous extract and minimum in petroleum ether extract. The results suggests that B. ceiba is a rich source of phytochemicals. It has significant amount of phenols and flavonoids. It exhibits good antibacterial and antioxidant potential. Further studies can be carried out to find the components responsible for its various pharmacological activities. The extract of such beneficial plant can be a good source for the development of new drugs.
Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Phytochemicals, DPPH scavenging assay.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Biswanath Bhowmik
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 413—419, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YVFJ8518
How to cite this paper:
Bhowmik, B. (2024). Diversified Roles of Insects in Essential Ecosystem through Pollination for Achieving Sustainable Goals. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 413–419. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/YVFJ8518
Pollination is an ecological process that involves the transfer of pollen from the male to the female part of the flower with the help of various abiotic and biotic pollen dispersal agents and is an essential pre-requisite for fertilization and fruit/seed dispersal. Insects constitute one of the primary groups of pollinating agents, as the association between insects and flowers is well established. As flowers radiated so did the mouthparts of the insects exploiting them. Various insect groups, which are of prime significance in the pollination of agricultural and horticultural crops mainly belong to the orders Hymenoptera (bees, ants and wasps), Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, fungus gnats, midges), Coleoptera (beetles and weevils), Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Thysanoptera (thrips), Hemiptera (bugs) and Neuropteran (lace wing flies). This work is mainly based on detailed and through observations/study made from various cash crops viz., Brassica nigra, Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes erecta and Helianthus annuus from North 24 Parganas of South Bengal region.
Pollination, Pollinators, Fertilization, Ecosystem.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Cytotoxic and Mitodepressive Effect of Insecticide Profenofos on Root Meristem of Allium cepa L.
Pravin Kumar, Vinod Prasad
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 420—426, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JQAI6367
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, P., & Prasad, V. (2024). Cytotoxic and Mitodepressive Effect of Insecticide Profenofos on Root Meristem of Allium cepa L. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 420–426. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/JQAI6367
A study was performed for cytotoxic and mitodepressive effect of pesticide through root meristem of Allium cepa L. Various concentration (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.0%) of organophosphate insecticide profenofos for 24, 48 and 72 hrs time points exposed to A. cepa. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were evident through inhibited mitotic division and increased percentage of chromosome abnormality. Dose and duration dependent statistically significant reduction in mitotic index was recorded. The minimum mitotic index (3.94%) was estimated at 1.0% for 72 hrs. Cytogenetic endpoints like mitotic depression, relative abnormality rate and frequency of chromosomal abnormality were found to be increased when compared to control plants. Various chromosomal aberration like stickiness, laggard, bridge, fragmentation and micronuclei were also observed. Cytogenetic biomarker is very efficient and non-expensive tool to screening and biomonitoring cytotoxicity at chromosomal and DNA level.
Mitotic index, Chromosome abnormality, Profenofos, Allium cepa, Genotoxicity
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Priyanka Sharad Mahangade, Indra Mani, Sangeeta Chopra, Shalini Gaur Rudra, Devinder Dhingra
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 427—436, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SEBD5484
How to cite this paper:
Mahangade, P. S., Mani, I., Chopra, S., Rudra, S. G., & Dhingra, D. (2024). Comparative Assessment of Solar Refrigerated and Evaporative Cooled (SREC) Structure for On-Farm Storage of Tomatoes. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 427–436. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SEBD5484
Tomato is an important horticultural crop that is grown worldwide. However tomato is a perishable fruit that needs storage facilities to retard the ripening after harvest, to increase shelf life. Solar refrigerated and evaporative cooled (SREC) structure has developed at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi, is an on-farm, off-grid, cold storage option for perishable horticultural produce. SREC storage structure uses an evaporative cooling with solar refrigeration system that provides small holder farmers affordable access to cold storage facility without electrical connection to keep harvested farm produce cool and fresh in farmer’s field. Therefore study of comparative assessment of SREC structure for on-farm storage of tomatoes was conducted. Experiments were conducted to determine and compare interaction of operational parameters temperature and relative humidity and crop parameters weight loss, color change, firmness of tomatoes stored in four storage conditions SREC, EC (evaporative cooled), UL (uncooled laboratory), and REF (refrigerator). The temperature in SREC varied between 4 and 16 °C with relative humidity of 85–100% while UL ambient condition temperature varied between 10 and 35°C. Storage conditions affected the weight loss, color change, firmness of tomato significantly (p<0.05). Overall, the postharvest quality retention was better in SREC and REF as compared to EC and ambient condition.
Evaporative cooled, On-farm cold storage, Shelf life, Storability.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Manjusha Sarkar
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 437—445, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/AJXP2551
How to cite this paper:
Sarkar, M. (2024). Biochemical Changes in Embryogenic and Nonembryonic Callus of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. during Somatic Embryogenesis. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 437–445. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/AJXP2551
The continuous extraction of glycyrrhizin from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. has led to the critical endangerment of this therapeutic plant. Glycyrrhizin, a triterpenoid saponin, is a vital secondary metabolite renowned for its diverse pharmacological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiallergic, antiulcer properties, and even efficacy against HIV. However, the relentless harvesting of roots for high-value glycyrrhizin results in the obliteration of the entire plant, posing a severe threat to its existence and causing a detrimental impact on biodiversity. To counteract this challenge and conserve the species, sustainable approaches are imperative. One such approach involves the utilization of in vitro regeneration through somatic embryogenesis for clonal proliferation and genetic modification. This report presents findings on SE-associated proteins in Glycyrrhiza glabra L., accomplished through the implementation of the discontinuous gel electrophoresis technique. The study focused on a comparative isozyme analysis employing non-embryogenic and embryogenic calli of G. glabra L. Remarkably, these isozymes were exclusively identified and exhibited affiliations with a spectrum of cellular functions. A substantial portion of these proteins are engaged in a diverse range of metabolic and stress-related functions. This study utilized crude enzyme/total protein extracts as a basis to evaluate the genetic stability of in vitro cultivated plant tissue. Acid phosphatase, esterase, and peroxidase were selected as indicators for this assessment. Intriguingly, esterase and acid phosphatase exhibited significant polymorphism between the segregated embryogenic callus (EC) and non-embryogenic callus (NEC) derived from the same G. glabra L. genotype. Comparative analyses encompassing esterase, acid phosphatase, and peroxidase activities, alongside the expression profiles of these isozymes throughout somatic embryogenesis (SE), were conducted using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Notably, the isoenzyme patterns of calluses were assessed. The activity of isozymes within an embryogenic line of callus surpassed that within a non-embryogenic counterpart. However, no conspicuous alterations in quality were observed between the non-embryogenic and embryogenic calluses.
Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Somatic embryogenesis, Embryogenic callus, Regenerating callus, Isoenzymes.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Fertility Evaluation of Temperate Farm Soils of Krishi Vigyan Kendra Doda in NW Himalayas, India
Sanjeev K. Chaudhary, Neeraj Kotwal, Manoj Kumar, Nirmal Sharma, Satish K. Sharma, Amit Charak
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 446—454, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QGSV4735
How to cite this paper:
Chaudhary, S. K., Kotwal, N., Kumar, M., Sharma, N., Sharma, S. K., & Charak, A. (2024). Fertility Evaluation of Temperate Farm Soils of Krishi Vigyan Kendra Doda in NW Himalayas, India. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 446–454. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QGSV4735
Fertility evaluation of farm soils of KVK Doda of SKUAST-Jammu (J&K) was carried out using nutrient index approach. Representative soil samples drawn from different land uses viz., HD apple orchard, apricot block, apple mother block, walnut block, apple orchard on different root stocks, nectarine block, almond block, plum block, peach block, crop cafeteria block, apple nursery block and pomegranate block were analyzed for important physico-chemical characteristics and available nutrients. These soils were sandy clay, silty clay and clay in texture with pH, EC and OC varying from 5.42 to 7.14, 0.04 to 0.30 dS/m and 5.8 to 17.6 g/kg, respectively. Contents of available N, P and K for these soils varied from 263.2 to 557.9, 2.73 to 79.0 and 63.57 to 286.72 kg/ha, respectively whereas; available S, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu and B varied from 2.15 to 17.23, 6.93 to 55.40, 4.0 to 19.60, 0.16 to 2.48, 0.42 to 4.34 and 0.07 to 0.74 mg/kg, respectively. As per NI values, these soils fell in high category of available Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu; medium category of available N, P, K and B: and low category of available S. Soil pH was significantly and negatively correlated with OC, EC, available N, P, Mn and Fe. Soil EC had significant positive correlation with OC, available N, P, K, S, Mn, Fe and Zn. Further, OC and available N showed significant positive correlation with each other as well as with available S, Mn, Fe and Zn. Available P showed strong synergistic relationships with available K and Mn. Also, available K, S and Mn were significantly positively correlated with each other. Further, available Zn was also significantly positively correlated to available K, Mn and B while its correlation with available Cu was significantly negative. Available Fe was significantly and positively correlated to available S and Mn. Regression analysis indicated 97.7% contribution of OC towards total variability in available N. About 67 and 33% of total variability in available P and S, in order, could be attributed to OC and EC together; while nearly 46% of that in available Fe could be attributed to pH and OC together. Nearly 34 and 57% of total variability in available Zn and K, in order, could be attributed to pH and EC together. EC alone could explain about 60% of total variability in available Mn.
Available nutrients, Land use, Nutrient index, Physico-chemical, Regression.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Genetic Diversity of Rice Genotypes Screened under Normal and Flash Flooded Condition
Sathyaraj D., T. Sabesan, K. Saravanan, R. Elangaimannan
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 455—462, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MVNA9006
How to cite this paper:
Sathyaraj, D., Sabesan, T., Saravanan, K., & Elangaimannan, R. (2024). Genetic Diversity of Rice Genotypes Screened under Normal and Flash Flooded Condition. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 455–462. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MVNA9006
The present investigation was undertaken to explore the extent of diversity in 30 rice genotypes under normal (E1) and flash flooded conditions (E2) during samba, 2020. Analysis of variance divulged significant variability with respect to all the nine traits viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, grain length, grain breadth and grain yield per plant under study. Mahalanobis D2 values and non- hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis categorized into seven clusters in E1 and three clusters in E2. The maximum intra cluster D2 was obtained in cluster V (80.618) in E1 and III (1626.542) in E2 and farthest inter cluster distance between III and cluster VI (129.797) in E1, cluster II and III (2743.060) in E2. The clusters VI and II exerted superior mean performance in E1 and cluster III and II had in E2. The characters viz., number of grains per panicles, panicle length, number of productive tillers per plant, grain breadth along with grain yield per plant were the major contributors for genetic divergence in E1. In the flash flood tolerance environment E2, the traits of plant height, grain breadth, and grain yield per plant contributed more toward the genetic divergence. Based on genetic diversity and performance of the genotypes Poongar, seeraga samba, CR 1009 sub1 and Swarna sub 1 are the superior parents for flash flood tolerance. Hence, these genotypes could be lucidly utilized for the flash flood genetic improvement program.
Flash flood tolerance, Genetic diversity, Mahalanobis D2, Rice.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Praveen Kumar Nitharwal, P. S. Chauhan, M. L. Reager, Sunita, Sarita, Lakshya Choudhary
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 463—469, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LZOX3601
How to cite this paper:
Nitharwal, P. K., Chauhan, P. S., Reager, M. L., Sunita, Sarita, & Choudhary, L. (2024). Influenced Quality of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Abate the Environmental Pollution by Soil Applied with Foliar Fertilization of NPK Fertilizer in Saline Soil. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 463–469. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/LZOX3601
A field experiment to assess different levels and methods of NPK fertilizer application on wheat crop was conducted on loamy sand soil at Instructional farm, College of Agriculture, Bikaner during rabi season of 2019-2020. The trial was laid out in split plot design and replicated three times. A total of 20 treatment combinations comprises A. Main plot : four RDF levels prior to sowing viz., F0 = Absolute control, F1= 50% RDF, F2= 75 % RDF and F2= 100 % RDF and B. Sub plot : five foliar fertilization levels of soluble NPK (1%) namely S0= no fertilization (control), S1= two spray (At 45and 60 DAS), S2= three foliar spray (At 45, 60 and 75 DAS), S3= four foliar spray (At 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS). Basal application of 100% RDF with three foliar spray of soluble NPK (19:19:19) at 45, 60 and 75 DAS gave significantly higher average grain and straw yield and N, P, K content and uptake in grain and straw than other treatments, including control.
Foliar fertilization, Recommended dose of fertilizer, Yield, Protein.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Impacts of Fly Ash on Different Vegetation Near Industrial Areas: A Review
Ramesh, Gunjan Patil, Preety Shah, Damini Sharma, Kamesh, Abhishek Maitry
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 470—478, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XEQB1441
How to cite this paper:
Ramesh, Patil, G., Shah, P., Sharma, D., Kamesh, & Maitry, A. (2024). Impacts of Fly Ash on Different Vegetation Near Industrial Areas: A Review. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 470–478. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XEQB1441
Fly ash pollution is created close to Chhattisgarh’s coal-fired thermal power plants, which annually produce 8.7 million metric tonnes of fly ash. Chhattisgarh’s thermal power plants have a number of negative effects, including water contamination from fly ash, soil pollution, and air pollution. Waste from thermal power plants, known as fly ash, poses a number of environmental hazards when released into the atmosphere. On the other hand, because of its high porosity, large specific surface area, and other unique characteristics, fly ash can also be used as a low-cost and highly efficient adsorbent for the treatment of environmental pollutants. There are several methods used to control the spreading and disposal of fly ash. Plants have the capacity to establish fly ash in the soil and also control its spreading. These reviews focus on the impact of fly ash on vegetation and their disposal methods.
Fly ash, Heavy metals, Plants, Effect fly ash, Biosorption, Soil pollution, Thermal power plant.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Ajjigudde Shreenivasa Shashank, Krishnakumar Velayudhannair
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 479—491, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZLAO4807
How to cite this paper:
Shashank, A. S., & Velayudhannair, K. (2024). Comprehensive Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Ecological Risk in Lakes of Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 479–491. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/ZLAO4807
The contamination of water and sediment by heavy metals poses significant challenges to freshwater ecosystems, agriculture, and aquaculture. This study focused on assessing heavy metal pollution in Ulsoor and Agara Lakes, prominent freshwater reservoirs in Bengaluru utilized for aquaculture. The presence of heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb levels were analyzed in water and sediment samples of both lakes over a period of one year (from August 2021 to July 2022), using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Pollution indices (CF, Igeo, PLI, ERI) were computed for sediment, revealing higher metal concentrations compared to water. Correlation analysis identified strong associations between Zn and Cu, Pb and Zn in water, and Cu and Cd in sediment, suggesting common pollution sources. While sediment showed relative safety based on PLI, Igeo, and ERI, CF indicated an unpolluted to moderately polluted status. In conclusion, this study revealed that most metals in the water exceeded permissible limits, highlighting the need for effective remediation measures.
Environmental pollution indices, Ecological risk index, Pollution load index, Metrocity, Lakes.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Surender Kumar Sharma, Kuldeep Singh
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) :492—497, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NXOP4787
How to cite this paper:
Sharma, S. K., & Singh, K. (2024). Impact of Foliar Application of Nutrients on Yield and Economics of Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) under Dryland Condition. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 492–497. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NXOP4787
Field experiments were carried out at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during kharif season of 2018 to 2020 to find out the impact of foliar spray of nutrients on yield and economics of cluster bean (cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) under dryland condition. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications comprising of nine treatments viz. RDF (N:P2O5 @ 20:40 kg/ha), RDF + water spray at flower initiation, RDF + water spray at pod formation, RDF + NPK (0:0:50) 1% spray at flower initiation, RDF + NPK (0:0:50) 1% spray at pod formation, RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at flower initiation, RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at pod formation, RDF + NPK (0:0:50) 1% + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at flower initiation and RDF + NPK (0:0:50) 1% + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at pod formation. The results indicated that yield attributes, viz. plant height at harvesting, number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant and test weight, were significantly influenced by different foliar nutrition treatments except water spray. Among different treatments, RDF + NPK (0:0:50) 1% + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at flower initiation recorded highest plant height at harvesting (75.8 cm), number of branches/plant (11.4), number of pods/plant (70.4) and test weight (31.3 g). Further, the data showed that, RDF + NPK (0:0:50) 1% + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at flower initiation increased the seed and straw yield of cluster bean by 38.8 and 47.8% compared with RDF alone (control) with higher net returns (₹ 21139/ha), benefit: cost ratio (2.08) and rainwater-use efficiency (4.52 kg/ha-mm).
Cluster bean, Dryland, Economics, Foliar spray, Nutrients, Yield.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
R. R. Lyngskor, Arnab Mandal, Adelene Pyngrope, A. D. Blah, M. K. Choudhury
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 498—508, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MYMQ5982
How to cite this paper:
Lyngskor, R. R., Mandal, A., Pyngrope, A., Blah, A. D., & Choudhury, M. K. (2024). Monitoring of Water Quality to Assess Seasonal Color Changes of Lunar-Lubha River in East Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya (India). Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 498–508. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MYMQ5982
The Lunar-Lubha River is a significant river in Meghalaya, India, flowing through the Jaintia Hills and eventually reaching Bangladesh’s Surma valley. During winter, the river undergoes a remarkable transformation, changing its color from turquoise to a vibrant sky-blue hue. This study investigated the reason behind this color change by examining the physicochemical characteristics of the river water during pre-monsoon, post monsoon and winter season of the year 2020 to 2022. Chemical properties of the white-powdery sediment (which acts as light reflecting media) found on the riverbed of the color-changing stretches of the river were also investigated. The analysis revealed the presence of high levels of Iron (Fe) and Alumina (Al) in sediments of the Lunar-Lubha River beds. The water quality in stations located at Lunar River can be designated below-E as per Central Pollution Control Board (Govt. of India) guidelines as the water in those stations is not fit for drinking, bathing, propagation of marine life as well as irrigation or agricultural uses. The blue coloration is more prominent in the deeper sections of the river compared to the shallow stretches. This observation aligns with the argument that shorter wavelengths of light scatter more as the depth increases. The presence of light scattering effect due to variation in water depth and the white-colored sediments at the riverbed could explain the intensified blue color in the river. The apparent blue color of the Lukha River is most likely an illusion induced by the scattering effect rather than the genuine blue color of the water.
Lunar-Lubha River, Physico-chemical scattering, Turquoise, White color sediment, Winter.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Assessment of Bitter Gourd Hybrids for Charantin and Other Vital Qualitative Traits
B. Srinivasulu, S. S. Vijaya Padma, L. M. Paratpara Rao, Ch. Kiran Kumar, V. Sekhar
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 509—515, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NGHC6017
How to cite this paper:
Srinivasulu, B., Padma, S. S. V., Rao, L. M. P., Kumar, Ch. K., & Sekhar, V. (2024). Assessment of Bitter Gourd Hybrids for Charantin and Other Vital Qualitative Traits. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 509–515. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NGHC6017
A field experiment was conducted in the Vegetable Experimental Field, College of Horticulture in Venkataramannagudem, Andhra Pradesh, during the summer and kharif seasons of 2022 in order to identify parents and cross combinations which have performed best for major quality attributes. To generate 21 F1 crosses, seven parents were maintained in a parental block (Summer 2022) and crossed in a half diallel mating pattern. For quality parameters like TSS, vitamin-C and iron the crosses viz., Preethi× Special Boldar, Kashi Mayuri× IC -68314, IC-68314 × Special Boldar were identified as promising ones. Charantin is important quality attribute, which was reported to be anti-diabetic in nature. Kashi Mayuri × IC-68314, IC-433630 × IC-68314 and IC-68314 × Special Boldar among the hybrids while IC-68314, IC-469512 and IC-433630 among the parents were found to be best performers for the charantin content in fruits. The identified promising crosses were further evaluated under multilocational trails and various seasons to know the potentiality before commercial release.
Charantin, Iron, TSS, Vitamin-C, Momordica charantia L.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
D. Elayaraja, R. Kamaleshwaran, S. Vennila
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 516—526, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HLBS1419
How to cite this paper:
Elayaraja, D., Kamaleshwaran, R., & Vennila, S. (2024). Studies on the Effect of Biofortification through Micronutrients Fortified Organics on the Soil Properties, Yield and Quality of Brinjal in Coastal Soil. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 516–526. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HLBS1419
Numerous multi-micronutrient fertilizers (MMF) have been developed during recent years to address the micronutrient deficiencies in crops but still micronutrient deficiency occurs in both soil and human beings. Biofortification is one of the techniques, which deliver the targeted element in edible part of the plants to overcome the malnutrition and hidden-hunger in burgeoning population. Based on the fact, the present field study was undertaken to study the effect of biofortification through micronutrients fortified organics on the performance of brinjal in coastal soil. The various treatments evaluated were T1 – Control (100% NPK/RDF alone), T2 – RDF + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1, T3 – RDF + Vermicompost (VC) @ 12.5 t ha-1, T4 – RDF + FYM + ZnSO4 @ 25kg ha-1 + FeSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 SA (soil application), T5 – RDF + VC + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + FeSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 SA, T6 – RDF + FYM + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 0.5% FA (foliar application), T7 – RDF + VC + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 0.5% FA, T8 – RDF + Zn + Fe Fortified FYM (MNFFYM)@ 6.25 t ha-1, T9-RDF + Zn + Fe Fortified VC (MNFVC) @ 6.25 t ha-1, T10 – RDF + MNFFYM @ 6.25 t ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 0.5% FA and T11 – RDF + MNFVC @ 6.25t ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 0.5% FA. The treatments were studied under Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and using Annamalai brinjal as test crop. Among that treatments, combined application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + micronutrients fortified vermicompost (MNFVC) @ 6.25 t ha-1 through soil application along with foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 0.5% at pre flowering stage (PFS) and at flowering stage (FS) recorded the highest growth, yield characters, yield and quality of brinjal. This treatment also recorded the significant higher nutrients availability and nutrients uptake by brinjal in coastal soil.
Biofortification, Zinc, Iron, Brinjal, Coastal soil.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sunil Kumar, M. L. Mehriya, Sita Ram Kumhar, Ummed Singh, M. M. Sundria, H. P. Parewa, R. C. Meena
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) :527—532, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IMXV8981
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, S., Mehriya, M. L., Kumhar, S. R., Singh, U., Sundria, M. M., Parewa, H. P., & Meena, R. C. (2024). A Comparative Analysis of Levels of Drip Irrigation, Planting Methods and Mulches on the Growth and Yield of Fennel. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 527–532. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/IMXV8981
The present field experiment was conducted to study the effect of planting methods, mulches and drip irrigation scheduling on fennel during rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22 at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Agriculture University, Jodhpur. The field experiment was laid out in split plot design comprised of four levels of drip irrigation i.e. 1.0, 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 PEF (Pan Evaporation Fraction) in main plot, two planting methods (direct sowing and transplanting) in sub plot and three mulches (no mulch, straw mulch and plastic mulch) in sub-sub plot. The study found that drip irrigation level significantly influenced the final plant population, dry matter accumulation, and seed yield per plant. The drip irrigation scheduled at 1.0 PEF recorded significantly higher plant population, dry matter accumulation and seed yield per plant. Among planting method, Direct sowing led to a higher plant population, while transplanting resulted in increased dry matter accumulation and seed yield per plant. Further, application of straw mulch also improves dry matter accumulation and seed yield per plant compared to no mulch and plastic mulch.
Drip irrigation, Pan evaporation fraction, Transplanting, Straw, Plastic mulch.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
M. K. Verma, V. K. Singh, A. K. Verma, J. Singh, S. Gautam,V. K. Pal, H. C. Verma
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 533—536, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DVFJ9997
How to cite this paper:
Verma, M. K., Singh, V. K., Verma, A. K., Singh, J., Gautam, S., Pal, V. K., & Verma, H. C. (2024). Quantification of Reproductive Traits and Wool Characteristics of Lesser Known Gang-Fatehpuri Sheep of Uttar Pradesh. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 533–536. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DVFJ9997
The data of various reproductive performances and wool characteristics of lesser known Gang-Fatehpuri sheep maintained under the farmer’s flocks in Fatehpur district of Uttar Pradesh were recorded and analyzed to evaluate the effect of non-genetic factors on these traits of Gang-Fatehpuri sheep. The least square means for age at first matting, age at first lambing, service period, lambing interval and litter size were 422.42±8.01, 604.54±5.82, 159.98±6.65, 310.86±7.14 days and 1.02±0.02 respectively. The least square means were observed to be 414.88±11.89 g, 49.51±01.50 µ, 3.51±0.19 cm and 62.73±1.97 % for greasy fleece yield, fiber diameter, staple length and medullation percentage, respectively. The season of birth was found to be significant effect (p<0.01) on age at first lambing, greasy fleece yield and medullation percentage.
Gang-Fatehpuri, Reproduction traits, Wool traits.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Assessment of Ant (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) Diversity from Kuthuparamba Area of Kannur District, Kerala, India
Swapna Sukumaran, Praveena Vijayan
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 537—540, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TKPP3636
How to cite this paper:
Sukumaran, S., & Vijayan, P. (2024). Assessment of Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Diversity from Kuthuparamba Area of Kannur District, Kerala, India. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 537–540. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TKPP3636
Importance of ants in our ecosystem is well recognized. Abundance and stability make the ant population one of the most successful insect groups in the ecosystem. Present investigation was carried out to assess the ant diversity in Kuthuparamba region, Kannur District in Kerala state. Results showed 13 genera of ants representing three subfamilies. The subfamily Myrmicinae was found to be dominant with six genera followed by Formicinae with four genera and Ponerinae with three genera.
Formicidae, Subfamilies, Ecosystem, Bioindicators.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Growth, Biomass and Carbon Sequestration of Populus deltoides Clones
Anita Tomar, Bijay Kumar Singh, Faraz Ahmad Khan, Anubhav Srivastava, Sanjay Singh
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 541—546, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TJOG2805
How to cite this paper:
Tomar, A., Singh, B. K., Khan, F. A., Srivastava, A., & Singh, S. (2024). Growth, Biomass and Carbon Sequestration of Populus deltoides Clones. Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 541–546. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TJOG2805
To study the growth performance of twenty clone viz. G – 48, AM – 48, AM – 49, AM – 41, BR – 510, AM – 50, FS – 18, FS – 190, FS – 155, L – 90, L – 87, L – 89, S7 C 1, S7 C15, S7 C20, S7 C4, L – 200 – 84, Bahar, Udai and Kranti of Populus deltoides at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. The experiment was established in year February 2018 and growth performance data were recorded after 4 years in February 2022. The maximum height was found in Udai (11.57 ± 0.23 m) followed by L – 87 (10.22 ± 0.42 m) and minimum in Bahar (6.74 ± 0.19 m) whereas the maximum diameter was found in L – 87 (10.79 ± 0.63 cm) followed by S7 C1, (10.63 ± 0.33 cm) and minimum in Bahar (4.97 ± 0.06 cm). The maximum basal area L 87 (91.39 cm2 tree-1) followed by S7 C1 (88.70 cm2 tree-1) and minimum in Bahar (19.39 cm2 tree-1) whereas maximum volume Udai (1386.66 m3ha-1) followed by L-87 (1303.37 m3ha-1) and minimum in Bahar (182.37 m3ha-1). The biomass, carbon stock and carbon sequestration in poplar was maximum in Udai followed by L- 87 and minimum in Bahar for biomass (1146.59, 1077.22 and 150.79 t ha-1) carbon stock (573.30, 538.86 and 75.40 t ha-1) and carbon sequestration (2104.00, 1977.62 and 276.71 t ha-1) respectively.
Poplar clones, Growth, Biomass, Carbon stock, Carbon sequestration
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Bhuvaneshwari R., R. Anandhan
Environment and Ecology 42 (2) : 547—552, April—June 2024
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RNSW4006
How to cite this paper:
Bhuvaneshwari, R., & Anandhan, R. (2024). A Brief Review on Phytochemical Constituent and Pharmacological Activities of Anisomeles malabarica (L.). Environment and Ecology, 42(2), 547–552. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RNSW4006
Anisomeles malabarica L., also known as ‘Malabar catmint’ and ‘Peiyamuritti’ in local Tamil, is a genus of herbaceous herb in the Lamiaceae family. This Malabar catmint is native to tropical and subtropical India and Sri Lanka. Catmint is regarded as a medicinally significant plant because of its anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-anaphylactic and anti-bacterial properties. It is well-known for its ability to treat a variety of health problems such as dyspepsia, rheumatism, amentia, anorexia, wound healing and swelling, and teething problems in children. Its leaf extract is effective against epilepsy, intestinal worms, halitosis and gout. It is used as astringent, carminative and febrifuge. Because of the presence of various acids such as anisomelic acid, 2 acetoxymalabaric acid, betulinic acid, ovatodiolide, -sitosterol, anisomelyl acetate anisomelin, malabaric acid, triterpenebetulinic acid, geranial acid, and others, this medicinal herb is used not only for medicinal purposes but also as folkloric medicine and in the production of several cosmetics and aromatics. Because the cultivation practices of the medicinally important plant are time consuming, we can use advanced plant cultivation techniques such as tissue culture to produce a large number of plants in a short period of time and in a small area. The purpose of this review paper is to describe the various aspects of A. malabarica botanical description, medicinal values, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and cultural practices.
Medicinal plant, High-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared, Antibiotics, Antimalarial medications
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International