Volume 43 (2) 2025
Anjana K., Abhirami M., Sarah Jane Monica, Sivaraj C.
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 375—384, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TRPP7406
How to cite this paper:
Anjana, K., Abhirami, M., Monica, S. J., & Sivaraj, C. (2025). Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Silver and Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized from Jackfruit Peel (Artocarpus heterophyllus): A Sustainable Waste Valorization Approach. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 375–384. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TRPP7406
Effective management of fruit peel waste is essential for environmental sustainability. Utilizing these waste substrates for nanoparticle (NP) synthesis presents a sustainable approach. The green synthesis of NPs using fruit peels has garnered attention due to its cost efficiency and eco-friendly nature. This study investigates the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of silver and iron nanoparticles synthesized from jackfruit peel extract (Artocarpus heterophyllus). NPs were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and SEM analysis. Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH, ABTS●+, Superoxide, FRAP, and phosphomolybdenum assays. Antibacterial activity was tested against gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterial strains. Antifungal activity was evaluated against Candida krusei, C. tropicalis, and C. albicans. A distinct color change from yellow to brown, coupled with a peak in the UV spectrum at 425 nm, confirmed the formation of AgNPs. Similarly, the formation of FeNPs was confirmed by a color change from yellow to black and a peak in the UV spectrum at 213 nm. The average particle size of AgNPs ranged from 45.0 to 72.1 nm, while FeNPs measured between 4.9 and 30.9 nm. FeNPs exhibited significantly better antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 109.23, 54.98, and 61.56 µg/mL for DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radical assays (p<0.05). In contrast, AgNPs demonstrated better antibacterial activity with a maximum zone of inhibition recorded for S. mutans (24 mm) and C. tropicalis (16 mm) while antifungal activity was observed only for AgNPs. Results indicate that NPs synthesized from jackfruit peel extract have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, making this fruit peel a suitable medium for eco-friendly nanoparticle production.
Nanoparticles, Fruit peels, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 
Energy Dynamics in Indian Agriculture: Consumption Trends and Economic Impacts
S.Harshitha Nayak, Shivendra Kumar Srivastava, Praveen K. V., Sunil Naik, Rajeev Ranjan Kumar, Arun Kumar
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 385—396, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RHHR5300
How to cite this paper:
Nayak, S. H., Srivastava, S. K., Praveen, K. V., Naik, S., Kumar, R. R., & Kumar, A. (2025). Energy Dynamics in Indian Agriculture: Consumption Trends and Economic Impacts. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/RHHR5300
Energy plays a pivotal role in driving modern agricultural growth and technological advancements, particularly in India, where agriculture continues to be a fundamental pillar of the economy. During the fiscal year 2022–23, electricity consumption in the agricultural sector reached 240.80 TWh, accounting for 17.52% of the nation’s total electricity use. This study examines trends in agricultural electricity consumption and investigates its linkages with agricultural growth. The analysis of energy efficiency in agriculture is based on data pertaining to gross sown area, irrigated area, and total agricultural production for the period 1982–83 to 2022–23. Additionally, the relationship between electricity consumption and agricultural GDP is explored using secondary data on electricity usage in agriculture and GDP from 1990–91 to 2022–23, encompassing major states across India. The findings highlight a substantial increase in agricultural electricity consumption, which rose from 17,817 GWh in 1982–83 to 240,800 GWh in 2022–23, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6%. Electricity consumption per unit of cropped area also exhibited an upward trend, with a CAGR of 5.6%. Results from panel fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) analysis revealed a positive and statistically significant relationship between electricity consumption and agricultural GDP, indicating that a 1% increase in electricity use leads to a 0.24% rise in real GDP. Furthermore, both long-run and short-run causality tests confirm that electricity consumption is a key determinant of agricultural GDP growth, emphasizing its crucial role in the sector’s development. The paper also emphasizes the significant impact of agricultural power subsidies on groundwater exploitation, highlighting the importance of implementing effective rationing policies to regulate electricity usage more efficiently than relying solely on tariff adjustments. The findings call for strategies aimed at enhancing energy use efficiency in agriculture to accomplish resource conservation and equitable development.
Agricultural growth, Electricity consumption, Electricity use efficiency, Panel cointegration, Regression model.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Ashish Kumar Verma, Vishuddha Nand, Ravi Verma, Arpit Singh, Mohammad Vaheed, Vikash Yadav
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 397—400, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NBWX4931
How to cite this paper:
Verma, A. K., Nand, V., Verma, R., Singh, A., Vaheed, Moh., & Yadav, V. (2025). Nitrogen Fertilization and Fodder Cutting Schedule on Oat (Avena sativa L.) Fodder Quality and Economic Returns. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 397–400. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NBWX4931
A field experiment, employing a split-plot design with three replications, was conducted during the 2019-2020 rabi season to evaluate the impact of different oat varieties and nitrogen fertilization regimes on fodder yield and quality. Three oat varieties (RO-19, JHO-851, and UPO-212) were tested in conjunction with four nitrogen application strategies: (T1) two cuttings (at 55 days after sowing (DAS) and 50% flowering) with 60% of total nitrogen applied basally and 40% at the first cut; (T2) two cuttings (55 DAS and 50% flowering) with 50% nitrogen basally and 50% at the first cut, (T3) three cuttings (55 DAS, 35 days after the first cut, and 50% flowering) with 50% nitrogen basally, 25% at the first cut, and 25% at the second cut and (T4) three cuttings (55 DAS, 35 days after the first cut and 50% flowering) with 40% nitrogen basally, 30% at the first cut, and 30% at the second cut. Statistical analysis revealed that JHO-851 exhibited significantly higher crude protein (%), total ash (%), and plant nitrogen content (%). Regarding nitrogen management, the highest crude protein (%) and total ash (%) were observed under the T1 treatment (two cuttings, 60% basal N, 40% N at first cut), while the maximum plant nitrogen content (%) was recorded in the T2 treatment (two cuttings, 50% basal N, 50% N at first cut). Economic analysis demonstrated that the treatment combination of JHO-851 with the T2 nitrogen management strategy (V2N2) resulted in the highest gross income (Rs106,692.7 ha-1), net return (Rs 73,434.71 ha-1), and benefit-cost ratio (2.20 Rs Re-1).
Cutting schedule, Crude protein, Total ash, Net return, Benefit-cost ratio.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Jeetan Raj, A. K. Singh, S. R. Mishra, A. N. Mishra, Shubham Pandey, Kirti Vardhan Pandey, B. Kunal
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 401—407, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SJTN7202
How to cite this paper:
Raj, J., Singh, A. K., Mishra, S. R., Mishra, A. N., Pandey, S., Pandey, K. V., & Kunal, B. (2025). Effect of Variable Growing Environment on Performance of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Varieties under Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 401–407. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/SJTN7202
A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2022-23 to access the Effect of Microclimate on Growth and Yield of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh, at Agro-meteorological Research Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya. The experiment was conducted with Split Plot Design (SPD) and comprises three growing environment viz. 31st October (D1) (22.3℃), 10th November (D2) (23.5℃) and 20th November (D3) (18.5℃) and three varieties viz. Kranti (V1), NDR-8501 (V2) and Varuna (V3). Experimental results showed that among three growing environments, the maximum growth and yield recorded on 31st of October (22.3°C) due to favorable weather condition, harnessing of maximum sunshine hours and long crop growing period, followed by the 10th of November (23.5°C) and the 20th of November (18.5°C). Among varieties Varuna had the best varietal performance, followed by NDR-8501 and Kranti varieties. The initial growth and flowering stage of NDR-8501 was much better but at reproductive stage due to high temperature forced maturity reduce the grain yield. This research provides important insights for improving mustard cultivation in comparable Agro-climatic regions, highlighting the significance of accurate agricultural management to achieve optimal yields.
Microclimate, Split plot design, Growing environment, Varietal performance, Forced maturity.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Seasonal Incidence of Major Insect Pests of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Jiya Kharibam, Waluniba, Hijam Shila Devi, Rokozeno, Susanta Banik, Sentirenla Jamir, Sh. Herojit Singh
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 408—412, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MCDA6917
How to cite this paper:
Kharibam, J., Waluniba, Devi, H. S., Rokozeno, Banik, S., Jamir, S., & Singh, Sh. H. (2025). Seasonal Incidence of Major Insect Pests of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.). Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 408–412. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MCDA6917
The field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2023-2024 at School of Agricultural Sciences, Medziphema, Nagaland University to study the seasonal incidence of major insect pests of garden pea. The incidence of pea aphid (0.66 aphids/plant), pea leaf miner (0.40 leaf miner/plant), gram pod borer (0.53 larvae/plant) and pea pod borer (0.47 larvae/plant) were first observed on 52nd, 2nd, 3rd and 4th SMW respectively. The population reached its peak on 8th SMW for pea leaf miner (5.62/three leaves), gram pod borer (6.89 larvae/plant), pea pod borer (6.68 larvae/plant) and 9th SMW for pea aphid (43.00/three leaves). Pea aphid and pea leaf miner had a negative correlation with maximum relative humidity and a positive correlation with rainfall, respectively. Both gram pod borer and pea pod borer had a negative correlation with maximum relative humidity and positive correlation with rainfall.
Seasonal incidence, Garden pea, Insect pests.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Arvind Kumar, Narender Kumar, Rup Narayan
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 413—424, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HXLS2598
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, A., Kumar, N., & Narayan, R. (2025). A Study on Tree Diversity, Population Structure and Soils in a University Campus in an Indian Dry Tropical Region: Implication for Tree Conservation, Exploitation and Carbon Sequestration. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 413–424. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/HXLS2598
This study assessed the tree species diversity and their population structure in Chaudhary Charan Singh University of Meerut. A total of 19922 tree individuals (>10 cm girth) were measured for their girths at breast height. Girth-size distribution of trees in entire campus and that of dominant tree flora were separately analyzed to understand their growth and regeneration status. Physico-chemical characteristics of soils under dominant tree cover were also estimated. Spread over an area of 222 acres, the campus had 128 tree species distributed over 43 plant families. Leucaena leucocephala accounted for over 23.45% of total tree population, followed by Eucalyptus globulus (12.02%), Ficus benjamina (5.56%), Monoon longifolium (5.11%), Azadirachta indica (4.41%). However, they were not uniformly distributed. Eucalyptus globulus alone accounted for 42% of total campus area under tree cover (>490 m2) followed by Mangifera indica (5%), Azadirachta indica (4.9%), Alstonia scholaris (3.1%), and Leucaena leucocephala (3.1%). A single tree of Ceiba speciosa exhibited a basal cover of 3539 cm2. Largest tree population (9303) occurred in girth range 10-30 cm. Ficus benghalensis recorded highest girth (693 cm). Eucalyptus globulus showed declining population (77% in 50-150 cm) in contrast to expanding populations of Monoon longifolium, Albizia lebbeck, and stable populations of Holoptelea integrifolia, Dalbergia sissoo and Azadirachta indica. Soil organic carbon ranged 0.33 – 1.1% and C:N ratio 4.5 – 14.3 in soils under different species cover, indicative of specific tree cover impact. Besides implication for conservation and commercial exploitation of planted trees in this university-campus, study has projected implication for potential carbon sink and sequestration.
Conservation, Plant diversity, Tree basal-cover, Girth-size, Carbon sequestration.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Biochemical Changes in Aquatic Weeds in Response to Perchlorate Contamination, an in vitro Study
Vivek K.
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 425—432, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DJIJ6750
How to cite this paper:
Vivek, K. (2025). Biochemical Changes in Aquatic Weeds in Response to Perchlorate Contamination, an in vitro Study. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 425–432. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/DJIJ6750
The current study assessed the effect of perchlorate on four common aquatic weeds: Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta and Spirodela polyrhiza. Notably, P. stratiotes exhibited a significant reduction of 26.18% in a 1 ppm perchlorate solution. Bioorganic characterization revealed a decrease in the concentration of total reducing sugars, lipids, and chlorophyll across all four plants under perchlorate stress. Conversely, carotenoid content, a recognized antioxidant, increased in response to perchlorate exposure. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), exhibited tissue-specific patterns. CAT was notably elevated in both shoots and roots of P. stratiotes, establishing it as the most crucial antioxidant enzyme under perchlorate stress. Variations in the concentrations of APX and GPX were observed in all plants, indicating distinct reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging mechanisms across different plant parts. The results indicate the role of CAT and other antioxidants in P. stratiotes to tolerate perchlorate stress through improved ROS management, shifts in antioxidant enzyme balance, adjustments in metabolic pathways, and potential changes in protein expression related to the stress response.
Perchlorate, Phytoremediation, Pistia stratiotes, Catalase, SDS-PAGE.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Nitin Kant Prabhakar, Pramila Verma, Mamta Arya, J.P. Mehta
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 433—440, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OVOZ8955
How to cite this paper:
Prabhakar, N. K., Verma, P., Arya, M., & Mehta, J. P. (2025). Phytochemical Analysis of Lichens from Garhwal Himalaya: A Qualitative Analysis of Secondary Metabolites Across Different Solvents. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 433–440. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/OVOZ8955
Lichens are symbiotic organisms formed by a partnership between fungi (mycobiont) and algae (phycobiont), thriving on surfaces like rocks, bark of trees and soil across diverse climates. Humans use around 17,000 lichen species for applications in decoration, pollution monitoring, fragrance, dyeing and medicine. Lichens produce unique secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant properties. Their secondary compounds have gained growing interest in the pharmaceutical industry for potential therapeutic uses. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the phytochemical diversity in five lichen species, i.e., Flavoparmelia caperata, Heterodermia diademata, Hypotrachyna cirrhata, Nephromopsis laii and Parmotrema nilgherrensis, collected from the Madhyamaheshwar Valley, Garhwal Himalaya. The extraction was done using a range of solvents including chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol. The study uncovered significant variability in secondary metabolites among the lichens. Flavoparmelia caperata was found to contain flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins and phenols ; Heterodermia diademata exhibited flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenols and terpenoids, Hypotrachyna cirrhata showed flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and phenols ; Nephromopsis laii was identified with glycosides, tannins and phenols ; and Parmotrema nilgherrensis had glycosides, saponins, tannins and phenols. Notably, no alkaloids were detected in any of the species. This study is the first to present a detailed phytochemical analysis of lichens from the Madhyamaheshwar Valley highlighting their rich chemical diversity and potential pharmacological applications. These findings lay a crucial foundation for future research into their therapeutic uses and the development of novel natural products.
Lichens, Phytochemistry, Secondary metabolites, Pharmacological potential.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Arushi Rana, Rashmi Sharma
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 441—461, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MMGY1141
How to cite this paper:
Rana, A., & Sharma, R. (2025). Evaluating and Mapping Soil Quality in a limestone Mining Landscape using GIS: Insights from Ramganjmandi, Rajasthan. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 441–461. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/MMGY1141
The study aims to predict soil properties, including major and micronutrient levels in Ramganjmandi, India, an administrative unit significantly influenced by limestone mining. The human- environment relationship in the region is largely dictated by mining activities which expanded from 10.66 km2 in 1990 to 50.03 km2 in 2020. This extensive mineral extraction has led to deterioration in soil quality across mining belt. A total of 24 samples were collected using purposive random sampling. The inverse distance weightage method was applied in Arc GIS software through spatial analyst tool to interpolate the values of unsampled sites and PCA was executed using R studio. The results indicate that 95.83% of the samples are alkaline, with low organic carbon, organic matter and nitrogen content. Furthermore, 62.5% of the samples exhibit medium phosphorus and potassium levels, while 87% of the samples shows medium sulfur content,91.66% of the samples are marginally deficient in zinc, and 70.83% are deficient in iron. Notably, calcium content is exceptionally high ranging from 232 to 1088 ppm, while magnesium levels vary between 81.66 to 300 ppm. Principal component analysis revealed that PC1 and PC2 together explains 62.9% of the total variance effectively capturing the major patterns in soil chemistry. PC1 is primarily influenced by Organic content, nutrients and conductivity, while PC2 distinguishes pH and trace elements. Clear natural clusters suggest strong collinearity among variables like Organic Matter, Nitrogen and trace metals. The findings underscore the significant impact of limestone mining on soil degradation and potential implications for agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability.
Inverse distance weightage, Digital soil mapping, Interpolation, Prediction, Soil properties, Limestone mining, Principal components.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Comparative Analysis of Instability and Growth of Pearl Millet and Maize in India
Shiv Kumar Rana, Manish Kumar, Supriya, Pradeep Mishra, Ashish Tiwari
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 462—467, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XMLN8790
How to cite this paper:
Rana, S. K., Kumar, M., Supriya, Mishra, P., & Tiwari, A. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Instability and Growth of Pearl Millet and Maize in India. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 462–467. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XMLN8790
The present paper explores the instability and growth in area, production, and yield of pearl millet and maize in India. For this, the Cuddy-Della Valle (CDV) instability index and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) are evaluated using secondary time series data on area, production, and yield of pearl millet and maize pertaining to the period of thirty years viz., 1994-2023. The comparative analysis has been made across three periods viz., Period-I (1994-2008), Period-II (2009-2023) and the overall period (1994-2023). The results of the investigation reveal that, during the overall period, pearl millet reported highest instability in terms of production (i.e., 15.51%) followed by yield (i.e., 10.74%) and area (i.e., 7.44%). In a similar manner, maize reported highest instability in terms of production (i.e., 10.37%) followed by yield (i.e., 7.49%) and area (i.e., 3.25%). Furthermore, during the overall period, the growth rates in production, area and yield of maize are observed to be the highest as compared to that of pearl millet.
Coefficient of variation, Coefficient of determination, Instability index, Compound annual growth rate.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Kevikiesa Khezhie, Waluniba, Sabbithi Pavan
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 468—474, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QLNU5420
How to cite this paper:
Khezhie, K., Waluniba, & Pavan, S. (2025). Efficacy of Some Insecticides against Major Insect Pests of Knolkhol (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes). Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 468–474. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/QLNU5420
Knolkhol (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) belongs to the family Cruciferae and is an excellent source of various nutrients. It can be consumed raw as salad or as cooked, but throughout the growing period it is attacked by several pests which reduces the quality and quantity of the crop. Keeping in mind the damages caused by the pests, a field study was conducted during the rabi season of 2022-23 to study efficacy of some insecticides against major insect pests of knolkhol. The study was performed using Randomized Block Design with 6 treatments including one control and 3 replications. Twelve species of insects were found to attack knolkhol out of which green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and cabbage butterfly (Pieris canidia) were the major pests. Six chemicals were used for evaluation viz., emamectin benzoate, spinosad, chlorantriniprole, pongamia oil, imidacloprid, neem oil. Imidacloprid recorded the highest population reduction of Myzus persicae and Pieris canidia with 91.89% and 87.61% respectively followed by neem oil (83.46%) for Myzus persicae and emamectin benzoate (74.55%) for Pieris canidia.The highest benefit cost ratio was obtained from imidacloprid 17.8 SL (2.29:1) followed by spinosad (1.94:1). Based on the overall findings, imidacloprid 17.8 SL proved to be the most effective in controlling the pest populations of knolkhol at same time giving the highest benefit cost ratio.
Knolkhol, Efficacy, Insect pests, Insecticides, Management.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Bhagyudoy Gogoi, Pranjal Bharali, Asosii Paul
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 475—488, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NUBN8247
How to cite this paper:
Gogoi, B., Bharali, P., & Paul, A. (2025). Unveiling the Plant Growth-Promoting Potential of an Arsenic-Resistant Isolate: A Natural Ally for Sustainable Agriculture. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 475–488. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/NUBN8247
This study utilizes a bacterial strain, Lysinibacillus sp. AS3 which was previously found resistant to arsenic (As). The strain was studied for exopolysaccharides (EPS), biofilm, siderophore, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) producing ability in presence of arsenate (As5+) and arsenite (As3+) heavy metal (HM) ions, which would help to determine its plant growth promoting activity. The study was done through both qualitative and quantitative assessment to observe the significant changes in exposure to As HMs. Moreover, phytotoxicity assay was performed on Vigna radiata seeds in presence of the both the HM ions. The results indicated enhanced production of biofilm, IAA and EPS in presence of both HM ions. While, reduced production of siderophore was recorded in presence of As3+ HM ions. Further, it was observed that employing AS3 strain on V. radiata seeds showed stimulating effect on the growth of the seedlings albeit arsenic stress, along with enhanced growth of the seedlings as compared to control. Thus, present study shows that this AS3 strain could be a potent strain in agriculture applications.
Heavy metal, Arsenic, Bacterium, Siderophore, Bioremediation, Exopolysaccharides (EPS), Biofilm.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Sneha Kumari
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 489—496, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KXDE6796
How to cite this paper:
Kumari, S. (2025). Seasonal and Interannual Variations of Blue-Green Algal Taxa in the Chours of Supaul District, Bihar, India Driven by Distinct Nutrient Regimes. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 489–496. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/KXDE6796
Supaul district of North Bihar is characterized by a diverse array of wetland ecosystems, including chaurs, swamps, dhars, mans, ditches, lakes, ponds and pools. These aquatic habitats have developed as a result of the region’s extended rainy season and frequent flooding events. The abundance of water bodies in this area creates an ideal environment for the thriving of aquatic plant life, supporting over 120 species of algae and blue-green algae. Blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, are photosynthetic microorganisms that play a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems. However, excessive growth of these organisms can lead to harmful algal blooms, posing significant threats to water quality and ecosystem health. This study was conducted using weekly interval samplings from 2018 to 2023 and it investigates the seasonal and interannual variations of blue-green algal taxa in the chours (wetlands) of Supaul district, Bihar, India, with a focus on the influence of nutrient regimes. The research contributes to our understanding of the region’s algal biodiversity, particularly the Cyanophyceae class. Present study investigated the response of blue-green algae (BGA) growth to environmental variations in various chours of Supaul district, focusing on the effects of nutrients, N:P ratios, and flow regime influenced by monsoon intensity.
Blue-green algae, Chours, North Bihar, Nutrient regimes, Supaul.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Shubham Verma, Antony Joseph Raj, Akanksha Sharma
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 497—505, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BUVK8723
How to cite this paper:
Verma, S., Raj, A. J., & Sharma, A. (2025). Assessment of Biomass Accumulation and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Chir Pine Forest in Altitudinal Zones of Naina Devi Hill, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 497–505. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BUVK8723
The field work was conducted in six different sites of Chir pine forest model in the state of (HP). Climate change became one of the principal concerns around the world at the onset of the 21st century and increase in CO2 concentration is being identified as the major reason. Carbon (C) sequestration through plantations is one of the important mitigation measures for rising levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Results revealed that location, climate have marked effects on biomass content and carbon storage potential in different plantation. Moreover species planting density age of plantation also plays a vital role in nutrient accumulation and carbon density. In the current study total carbon sequestration of Chir pine forest plantation ranged from 160.61 Mg C/ha and CO2 accumulation was estimated to be between 588.92 mg/ha.
Chir pine forest, Biomass accumulation, Carbon sequestration, Allometric equation, Pinus roxburghii.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
A. J. Deshmukh, K. Upadhyaya, Y. B. Taide, H. K. Deshmukh
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 506—509, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WKJF3259
How to cite this paper:
Deshmukh, A. J., Upadhyaya, K., Taide, Y. B., & Deshmukh, H. K. (2025). Phytosociological Studies on Natural Populations of Terminalia chebula Retz. in Malghat Area of Western Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 506–509. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/WKJF3259
The present study was done on the phytosociological status of Terminalia chebula Retz. in Malghat area of Western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. The ten natural populations of T. chebula distributed in study area was selected with the objective to study distribution pattern and associative tree species of T. chebula in these 10 populations. The vegetation survey was conducted wherein, 10 quadrats of size 20 m × 20 m (400 m2) size was laid down randomly. The result shows that all the individuals of T. chebula are in the range of 80-220 cm GBH with a density of 45 trees/ha and more than 55% of the individual trees of T. chebua are in the girth class of 160-180 cm. There was complete absence of natural regeneration of T. chebula in study area. Further, the most of the individuals of T. chebula adult trees was found to be almost of the same size producing flowers and fruits but no seedlings were successfully established. The major associate tree species found to be Tectona grandis, Madhuca longifolia, Dyospyros melanoxylon, Butea monosperma, Teminalia bellirica, Buchanania lanzan and Pongamia pinnata. The complete absence of natural regeneration of T. chebula confirm the urgency of propagation of the species with the help of artificial techniques, and reduction in destructive harvesting methods such as hacking tree branches and looping pressure.
Phytosociology, Terminalia chebula, Natural population, Natural regeneration, Girth Class, Associate species.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Pooja Dasgupta, Dhruba Jyoti Das
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 510—521, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XQOE5071
How to cite this paper:
Dasgupta, P., & Das, D. J. (2025). Forest Types, Biomass and Carbon Dynamics in the Northeastern States of India: A Comprehensive Review. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 510–521. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/XQOE5071
Forest ecosystems play a vital role in sequestering carbon, primarily functioning as terrestrial carbon sinks that significantly help reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. The north-eastern states of India (comprising an area of approximately 168,903 km²) collectively account for a substantial portion of the country’s forest resources (23.61% of the total forest cover). The present paper attempts to explore the forest types, patterns of biomass distribution, and carbon storage potential across Northeast India, emphasizing on their ecological importance and conservation needs. It also examines the destructive, non-destructive, and remote sensing & GIS-based biomass estimation techniques employed by various researchers to identify existing research gaps. This amalgamated data from various methodologies, provides an all-inclusive appraisal of biomass carbon across the eight North-eastern states of India.
Aboveground biomass, Litter, Carbon stock, Allometric equations, Remote sensing & GIS.Aboveground biomass, Litter, Carbon stock, Allometric equations, Remote sensing & GIS.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Diversity and Structure of Natural Mangrove Forest in Nabago, Surigao City, Philippines
Rosalia L. Hugo, Jerry T. Cuadrado, Roselle E. Bertulfo, Medielyn M. Odtojan, Gheleene S. Buenaflor, Manny P. Eviota, Louella S. Degamon
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 522—529, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UIQJ7175
How to cite this paper:
Hugo, R. L., Cuadrado, J. T., Bertulfo, R. E., Odtojan, M. M., Buenaflor, G. S., Eviota, M. P., & Degamon, L. S. (2025). Diversity and Structure of Natural Mangrove Forest in Nabago, Surigao City, Philippines. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 522–529. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UIQJ7175
Mangroves are among the most productive ecosystems on earth, yet they face growing threats from human activities. Mangroves are unique ecosystems that play an important role in maintaining ecological balance, protecting coastlines from erosion and serving as habitats for diverse marine life. This study aims to assess the diversity of a natural mangrove forest in Surigao City, Philippines. Three sampling stations were selected, and three 150-meter transects were laid in each station in which five 10 m2 quadrats with 20-meter intervals were established per transect. A total of 45 sampling quadrats were assessed in this study employing the standard methods for mangrove inventory. A total of six mangrove species and one mangrove associate were recorded. The area falls into a very low diversity category (H′=0.9179) and is dominated by Rhizophora apiculata (Relative Dominance=67.17). R. apiculata also obtained the highest species importance value (SIV=199.38). Given the vital ecosystem services that mangroves provide to the local community, it is essential to reinforce community-based mangrove management strategies along side conservation initiatives and follow-up research programs. Strengthening these efforts will support the long-term protection and restoration of the mangrove ecosystem in the area.
Diversity, Mangrove conservation, Rhizophora apiculata.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Evaluation of Different Media for Date Palm Propagation through Offshoots
Kapil Mohan Sharma, D. A. Baidiyavadra, C. M. Muralidharan, A. H. Sipai
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 530—534, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GEGM5122
How to cite this paper:
Sharma, K. M., Baidiyavadra, D. A., Muralidharan, C. M., & Sipai, A. H. (2025). Evaluation of Different Media for Date Palm Propagation through Offshoots. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 530–534. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GEGM5122
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a vital fruit crop in arid and semi-arid regions. Offshoot propagation is a preferred and affordable method for maintaining true-to-type genetic nature. However, survival rates and rooting success vary with the planting media. This study evaluates different media for offshoot propagation over a three-year period. Nine treatments, including soil amendments such as farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, cocopeat, sawdust, poultry manure, and Pseudomonas fluorescence, were tested. The results indicate that soil + cocopeat (1:1) produced the highest number of primary and secondary roots, while soil + vermicompost and soil + FYM had the highest survival rates.
Date palm, Offshoot propagation, Rooting media, Survival rate, Plant establishment.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Ruza: An Indigenous Farming System Practiced in the Hills of Nagaland, North-East India
Chitrasen Lairenjam, A. K. Verma, K. K. Jha, Sewak Ram, L. G. Kiba
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 535—541, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BAHW3246
How to cite this paper:
Lairenjam, C., Verma, A. K., Jha, K. K., Ram, S., & Kiba, L. G. (2025). Ruza: An Indigenous Farming System Practiced in the Hills of Nagaland, North-East India. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 535–541. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/BAHW3246
The tribal communities residing in Kikruma village of Phek district, Nagaland, in North-East India practice a traditional farming system known as the Ruza farming system, more often reported as the Zabo farming system. This system practiced at higher elevations is a crucial component of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) as it represents an indigenous approach to managing rainwater for agricultural development in the village. This farming system, which has been practiced since time immemorial has been proven to be sustainable and economical as it depends only on locally available resources. This system integrates agriculture with livestock such as cattle, fisheries, poultry, and piggeries along with water harvesting structures constructed and managed as per their traditional wisdom. The combination of traditional wisdom and communal efforts shows the efficacy of indigenous knowledge in overcoming the problem of water scarcity for cultivation and allied activities. This paper deals with an overview of the Ruza farming system, its different components, and its socio-economic impacts on the hill tribals.
Ruza, North-East India, Rainwater harvesting, Traditional farming system.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Dhrubajit Sarma, D. C. Kalita
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 542—546, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UBBC7584
How to cite this paper:
Sarma, D., & Kalita, D. C. (2025). Constraint Analysis of Vegetable Production and Marketing in Darrang and Barpeta Districts of Assam, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 542–546. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/UBBC7584
India is the second largest vegetables producer in worls with production of 200.445 million tonnes during 2020-21. Assam is in the 11th position among all states of India in vegetable production. Production and marketing of vegetables faces various obstacles due to their seasonality, various factors of production, high degree of perishability. Major parts of production are sold by the farmers to middlemen or commission agents, who dominate the trade and earn huge profits. A large nos. of people in Assam are associated with vegetable farming as well as with trading and their lives and livelihoods are closely associated with this. A proper market system can give remunerative return to these lakhs of people associated with this trade, whereas, the venture is having lot of constraints in its production and marketing related activities. It is because, this study was undertaken to study the challenges faced in production and marketing of vegetables by the producers and market intermediaries in Darrang and Barpeta Districts of Assam, which two are the largest vegetable producing districts in Assam. The study also encompasses the wholesale markets of Darrang and Barpeta Road from where vegetables are marketed to Guwahati and thus the Guwahati wholesale market is also covered. The collected data were analyzed using Garrett’s Ranking Technique. There are 25 constraints that has been stated by the ‘farmers as producers’ while giving their opinion in constraints that they are facing for marketing out of which 6 are in ‘High’ rank, 15 are in ‘Medium’ rank and 4 are in ‘Low’ rank. Similarly, while getting information from ‘market intermediaries’, there are 14 different constraints that has been mentioned by wholesaler, village trader and retailers, out of which 5 are in ‘High’ rank, 6 are in ‘Medium’ rank and 3 are in ‘Low’ rank. Absence of infrastructural facilities in market yard, lack of cold storage facilities, poor road connectivity coupled with increased cost of transportation brings lot of disadvantages to the market functionaries. Both farmers and market intermediaries are not getting adequate finance to meet their business investment. Frequent price fluctuation, presence of competitive market and absence of proper market intelligence system make the marketing process more complicated for the intermediaries.
Vegetable production and marketing, Constraint analysis, Garrett’s ranking technique.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Effect of Different Hosts on the Growth and Development of Rice Moth (Corcyra cephalonica)
Jitendra Kumar, Pankaj Neog, Biplove Bala, Imtinaro L., Susanta Banik, T. Gohain
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 547—551, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GYDQ9492
How to cite this paper:
Kumar, J., Neog, P., Bala, B., Imtinaro, L., Banik, S., & Gohain, T. (2025). Effect of Different Hosts on the Growth and Development of Rice Moth (Corcyra cephalonica). Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 547–551. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/GYDQ9492
The investigation entitled “Effect of different hosts on the growth and development of rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica)” was conducted under the laboratory condition at Department of Entomology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Medziphema during 2023-2024. The experiment was carried out to assess the effects of seven hosts viz., rice (Nagaland local), rice (Andhra parimol), maize, foxtail millet, wheat, sorghum and rice bean on the growth and development of C. cephalonica. The study indicated that the minimum larval period (31.20 days) was observed on sorghum while, the maximum was on wheat (45.00 days). The maximum larval weight was seen on sorghum (52.67 mg) whereas, the minimum on wheat (41.93 mg). The minimum pupal period was noted on sorghum (9.41 days) and maximum on wheat (10.35 days) while, maximum pupal weight was recorded on sorghum (38.50 mg) and minimum on wheat (33.42 mg). The growth index was maximum on sorghum (1.81) and minimum on wheat (1.13). The minimum developmental period was observed on sorghum (44.78 days) while, the maximum was on wheat (60.92 days). Therefore, the study concluded that among all seven hosts the most preferred host was sorghum followed by rice (Nagaland local), maize, foxtail millet, rice (Andhra parimol), rice bean and wheat respectively, for growth and development of rice moth.
Rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica), Growth and development, Host evaluation, Sorghum and wheat.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Combined Effect of Different Thermal Regimes and Row Spacing on Growth Parameters of Wheat Cultivars
Rajesh Kumar Agrahari, S. R. Mishra, A. K. Singh, Alok Kumar Singh, A. N. Mishra, Alok Kumar Pandey, Anushka Pandey, Yellagandula Mani
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 552—559, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/PPDQ9238
How to cite this paper:
Agrahari, R. K., Mishra, S. R., Singh, A. K., Singh, A. K., Mishra, A. N., Pandey, A. K., Pandey, A., & Mani, Y. (2025). Combined Effect of Different Thermal Regimes and Row Spacing on Growth Parameters of Wheat Cultivars. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 552–559. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/PPDQ9238
The productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is critically influenced by environmental conditions and agrometeorological practices, especially under the emerging challenges of climate change. This two-year field study (2023–24 and 2024–25), conducted at the Student’s Instructional Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya, India, evaluated the combined effects of three thermal regimes (T1: 12th Nov, T2: 26th Nov, T3: 10th Dec), three row spacings (S1: 15 cm, S2: 22 cm, S3: 30 cm), and three cultivars (V1: DBW 187, V2: HD 2967, V3: HD 3271) on key wheat growth parameters including plant height, leaf area index (LAI), and dry matter accumulation (DMA). The experiment employed a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Results revealed that early sowing (T1) significantly improved plant height, LAI and DMA across all stages compared to later sowings (T2 and T3), highlighting the detrimental impact of delayed sowing and thermal stress. Among cultivars, V1 consistently recorded the highest values across all traits, indicating superior adaptability and growth potential. Conventional row spacing (S2) outperformed narrow (S1) and wider (S3) spacings in promoting vegetative growth and resource utilization. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing sowing time, cultivar selection and row spacing to enhance wheat productivity under variable thermal regimes. The study provides critical insights for developing climate-resilient strategies to sustain wheat production in subtropical agro-ecosystems.
Wheat, Thermal regimes, Row spacing, Cultivars, Plant height, Leaf area index, Dry matter accumulation.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Manisha Wadhai, Dipika Ayate, V. V. Ujjainkar, A. U. Nimkar
Environment and Ecology 43 (2) : 560—565, April—June 2025
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TYLN5838
How to cite this paper:
Wadhai, M., Ayate, D., Ujjainkar, V. V., & Nimkar, A. U. (2025). Studies on Arjun (Terminalia arjuna Roxb.) for Tannin and Ash Content in Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra, India. Environment and Ecology, 43(2), 560–565. https://doi.org/10.60151/envec/TYLN5838
Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna Roxb.) a renovate tree species for commercial medicinal tree species. It contains various medicinal properties and secondary metabolites. The present study investigated specially for ash content and tannin content. The field experiments were conducted at Malkapur block (MB) and Nagarjune medicinal plant garden (Nag) Akola in College Campus Dr. P. D. K. V. Akola and Amravati in Wan wild life Sanctuary (Wan) Akot. In the laboratory of department of Soil Science Agril Chemistry Dr. P. D. K. V. Akola estimation of the tannin and ash content in the bark of Terminalia arjuna was carried out. In bark, maximum tannin content (13.76%) was found in Wan-16 while in leaves tannin content (6.96%) was noticed in Wan-14. The significant variation in height, diameter and canopy spread. The data determined significant variation among the ash content in fruits. The maximum ash content in fruit of 4.82 % was found in Wan-18.
Arjuna, Tannin, Ash, Content, Variability, Fruit, Leaves, Bark
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY – Interdisciplinary International Science Journal by MKK Publication is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International